Calotropis procera, belonging to the Asclepidaceae family, is present more or less throughout India and in other warm, dry places such as, Warizistan, Afghanistan, Egypt, and tropical Africa. Its common names are Akra, Akanal, and Madar. The leaves of Calotropis procera are said to be valuable as an antidote for snake bite, sinus fistula, rheumatism, mumps, burn injuries, and body pain. The leaves of Calotropis procera are also used to treat jaundice. A study on Calotropis procera leaf samples extracted the air-dried leaf powder with different solvents such as petroleum-ether (60-80°C), benzene, chloroform, ethanol, and sterile water. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was done long with measurement of the leaf constants, fluorescence characteristics, and extractive values. Quantitative estimation of total ash value, acid insoluble ash, and water- soluble ash may serve as useful indices for identification of the powdered drug. Histochemical studies which reveal rows of cylindrical palisade cells and, vascular bundles may also serve as useful indices for identification of the tissues. These studies suggested that the observed pharmacognostic and physiochemical parameters are of great value in quality control and formulation development of Calotropis procera.

Flavonoids belong to a group of polyphenolic compounds, which are

Flavonoids are among the most abundant plant secondary metabolites and have been shown to have natural abilities as microbial deterrents and anti-infection agents in plants. Naringenin as one of the flavonoids and its derivatives have been reported to exhibit antimicrobial activity. The aim of the study was to evaluate synthesized novel naringenin derivatives (ND-1 to ND-12) substituted at 3-position with bulky substituent by using the grinding technique (Claisen-Schmidt reaction) as antimicrobial agents. Synthesized naringenin derivatives were evaluated for in-vitro antimicrobial activity by "Agar disc diffusion method". Novel naringenin derivatives showed mild to moderate antimicrobial activity with respect to standard drugs against two gram-positive, two gram-negative bacteria and two fungal strains. The substitution of naringenin derivatives at position 3 with substituted phenyl rings showed variation in activity as chloro, nitro and hydroxyl-substituted phenyl ring showed potent activity while methoxy substituted phenyl ring impede the activity. In conclusion, on the basis of the above findings, the substituted naringenin scaffolds may be selected as a skeleton for the development of flavonoid structurally-related compounds having antimicrobial activity

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is due to poor prognosis and lack of availability of effective treatment. Novel therapeutic strategies will be the fine tuning of intracellular ROS signaling to effectively deprive cells of ROS-induced tumor-promoting events. This review discusses the generation of ROS, the major signaling their modulation in therapeutics. We explore some of the major pathways involved in HCC, which include the VEGF, MAPK/ERK, mTOR, FGF, and Ser/Thr kinase pathways. In this review, we study cornerstone on natural bioactive compounds with their effect on hepatocarcinomas. Furthermore, we focus on oxidative stress and FDA-approved signaling pathway inhibitors, along with chemotherapy and radiotherapy enhancers which with early evidence of success. While more in vivo testing is required to confirm the findings presented here, our findings will aid future nonclinical, preclinical, and clinical studies with these compounds, as well as inspire medicinal chemistry scientists to conduct appropriate research on this promising natural compound and their derivatives.

: Natural products provides cornucopia of heterocyclic systems. 2-Phenyl chromane nucleus is one of the important and well known heterocycles present in natural products. Naringenin, a plant-derived flavanone (2-phenyl chroman-4-one) belongs to the family of flavanoids. It possesses diverse biologic activities such as antidiabetic, antiatherogenic, antidepressant, antiandrogenic, antiestrogenic, immunomodulatory, antitumor, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, hypolipidemic, antihypertensive, antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-obesity, anti-Alzheimer, and memory enhancer activity. It has potential to be used as an active pharmacophore. A number of molecular mechanisms underlying its beneficial activities have been reported. With emerging interest in the traditional medicine and exploit their potentials based on different health care system, it was thought to explore literature on naringenin. Further, this review aims to provide newer insights of naringenin and its derivatives as lead compound in drug design to a new era of flavonoid based therapeutic agents.