Morphology, composition, and mixing state of individual particles emitted from crop residue, wood, and solid waste combustion in a residential stove were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Our study showed that particles from crop residue and apple wood combustion were mainly organic matter (OM) in smoldering phase, whereas soot-OM internally mixed with K in flaming phase. Wild grass combustion in flaming phase released some Cl-rich-OM/soot particles and cardboard combustion released OM and S-rich particles. Interestingly, particles from hardwood (pear wood and bamboo) and softwood (cypress and pine wood) combustion were mainly soot and OM in the flaming phase, respectively. The combustion of foam boxes, rubber tires, and plastic bottles/bags in the flaming phase released large amounts of soot internally mixed with a small amount of OM, whereas the combustion of printed circuit boards and copper-core cables emitted large amounts of OM with Br-rich inclusions. In addition, the printed circuit board combustion released toxic metals containing Pb, Zn, Sn, and Sb. The results are important to document properties of primary particles from combustion sources, which can be used to trace the sources of ambient particles and to know their potential impacts in human health and radiative forcing in the air.

Emissions of residential coal burning are an important contributor to air pollution in developing countries, but few studies have yet comprehensively characterized the physicochemical properties of individual primary particles from residential coal burning. Fine primary particles emitted from eight types of coal with low, medium, and high maturity were collected in the flaming and burn‐out stages in a typical residential stove. Based on morphology and composition of individual particles, they were divided into six types: organic matter (OM), OM‐S, soot‐OM, S‐rich, metal, and mineral particles. Low‐maturity coals (e.g., lignite) dominantly emitted soot‐OM particles in the flaming stage, the medium‐maturity coals (e.g., medium‐maturity bituminous coals) emitted abundant OM particles, and high‐maturity coals (e.g., anthracite) emitted abundant OM‐S particles. We found that carbonaceous particles from coal burning significantly decreased with an increase of coal maturity and that soot particles were mainly formed in the flaming stage of low‐maturity coals under higher burning temperatures. We concluded that coal maturity and burning temperature both determine particulate properties in coal emissions. In addition, OM and soot particles from residential coal burning displayed extremely weak hygroscopicity, while inorganic salts within individual particles determined particle hygroscopic growth. Understanding the characteristics of particulate matter emitted from residential coal burning is helpful to trace sources of ambient particles and clarify their possible aging mechanism in air influenced by coal burning emissions. Our results suggest that air quality improvements can benefit substantially from the replacement of low‐ and medium‐maturity coals with high‐maturity coals, natural gas, or electricity in rural areas.

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Abstract. Many studies have focused on the physicochemical properties of aerosol particles in unusually severe haze episodes in North China instead of the more frequent and less severe hazes. Consistent with this lack of attention, the morphology and mixing state of organic matter (OM) particles in the frequent light and moderate (L &amp; M) hazes in winter in the North China Plain (NCP) have not been examined, even though OM dominates these fine particles. In the present work, morphology, mixing state, and size of organic aerosols in the L &amp; M hazes were systematically characterized using transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometer, with the comparisons among an urban site (Jinan, S1), a mountain site (Mt. Tai, S2), and a background island site (Changdao, S3) in the same hazes. Based on their morphologies, the OM particles were divided into six different types: spherical (type 1), near-spherical (type 2), irregular (type 3), domelike (type 4), dispersed-OM (type 5), and OM-coating (type 6). In the three sampling sites, types 1–3 of OM particles were most abundant in the L &amp; M hazes and most of them were internally mixed with non-OM particles. The abundant near-spherical OM particles with higher sphericity and lower aspect ratio indicate that these primary OM particles formed in the cooling process after polluted plumes were emitted from coal combustion and biomass burning. Based on the Si-O-C ratio in OM particles, we estimated that 71 % of type 1–3 OM particles were associated with coal combustion. Our result suggests that coal combustion in residential stoves was a widespread source from urban to rural areas in NCP. Average OM thickness which correlates with the age of the air masses in type 6 particles only slightly increased from S1 to S2 to S3, suggesting that the L &amp; M hazes were usually dry (relative humidity < 60 %) with weak photochemistry and heterogeneous reactions between particles and gases. We conclude that the direct emissions from these coal stoves without any pollution controls in rural areas and in urban outskirts contribute large amounts of primary OM particles to the regional L &amp; M hazes in North China.

Probiotics are live microorganisms that provide health benefits to the host when consumed in adequate concentrations.

Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) exerts significant impacts on air quality, climate change, and public health (IPCC, 2013; West et al., 2016). The megacities in developing countries, such as China and India, are facing severe air pollution, especially the fine particle (PM 2.5) problem because of their fast-growing economy and urbanization in past decades (Fu & Chen, 2017; Gurjar et al., 2016). To mitigate air pollution, the Chinese State Council implemented the "Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan" in 2013 (Chinese State Council, 2013). As a consequence, anthropogenic emissions of major air pollutants decreased largely (e.g., 59% for SO 2 , 21% for NO x , and 33% for primary PM 2.5) in China during 2013-2017 (Q. Zhang & Geng, 2019). However, despite large reductions in primary emissions, heavy haze episodes still occur in

Because of the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization and rise of economy, China has frequently experienced haze pollution. These haze pollution events profoundly affect human health, such as

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