Morphology, composition, and mixing state of primary particles from combustion sources — crop residue, wood, and solid waste

Liu, Lei; Kong, Shaofei; Zhang, Yinxiao; Wang, Yuanyuan; Xu, Liang; Yan, Qishe; Lingaswamy, A.P.; Shi, Zongbo; Lv, Senlin; Niu, Hongyu; Shao, Longyi; Hu, Min; Zhang, Daizhou; Chen, Jianmin; Zhang, Xiaoye; Li, Weijun

doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05357-2

Cited by 78 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…The outer edges of the selected particles look similar to their inner part and present no coating of condensed semi-volatile organic compounds. Such coating could give rise to an amorphous, liquid-like zone at the surface (or mixed with soot), as observed for instance in young soot particles [43], or in particles produced in biomass combustion [44]. As we will see, organic molecules are in fact present at the surface, but in too small amount to appear on the TEM images.…”

Section: Transmission Electron Microscopymentioning

confidence: 70%

Aircraft and MiniCAST soot at the nanoscale

Marhaba

Ferry

Laffon

et al. 2019

Combustion and Flame

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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) and Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) have been used to compare the nanoscale characteristics of aircraft soot collected at the exhaust of a recent PowerJet SaM146 jet engine, with those of soot generated by a MiniCAST burner. Analyses show that some MiniCAST operating conditions enable generating soot particles of morphology, internal nano-structure and chemical structure close to those of aircraft soot. However, MiniCAST soot have gyration diameters systematically larger compared to aircraft soot. Provided that this imperfect agreement is not critical for the studied properties, MiniCAST soot might be used as a relevant analogue of aircraft soot for studying some of their physical or chemical properties, offering a convenient and affordable way to conduct laboratory studies on the environmental impacts of aviation emitted particles.

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Section: Transmission Electron Microscopymentioning

confidence: 70%

Aircraft and MiniCAST soot at the nanoscale

Marhaba

Ferry

Laffon

et al. 2019

Combustion and Flame

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“…Air pollution caused by PM 2.5 in megacities such as Beijing, the capital city of China, is of public and academic concern due to its environmental impacts (Bond et al, 2013;Huang et al, 2014;Liu et al, 2017) and adverse health effects (Chart-asa and Gibson, 2015;Shao et al, 2017b). Motor vehicle emissions are one of the most significant sources of airborne particles in the urban atmosphere (Hwa and Yu, 2014) and contribute up to 31 % of primary particulate emissions of PM 2.5 in Beijing (Yu et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Particles before and after 3.5 h of ageing in the chamber were compared on the basis of the TEM-EDX analysis. The TEM-EDX analysis provides the information on the internal inhomogeneity, mixing state, and surface characteristics of individual particles and has been used to analyse the aerosol particles (Li and Shao, 2009;Loh et al, 2012;Adachi and Buseck, 2015;Shao et al, 2017a). The experimental design allows for the study of the physical and chemical characteristics of the particles emitted from the GDI-engine vehicles as well as their ageing in a simulated urban atmosphere.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphology and size of the particles emitted from a gasoline-direct-injection-engine vehicle and their ageing in an environmental chamber

et al. 2020

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Air pollution is particularly severe in developing megacities, such as Beijing, where vehicles equipped with modern gasoline-direct-injection (GDI) engines are becoming one of major sources of the pollution. This study presents the characteristics of individual particles emitted by a GDI vehicle and their ageing in a smog chamber under the Beijing urban environment, as part of the Atmospheric Pollution & Human Health (APHH) research programme. Using transmission electron microscopy, we identified the particles emitted from a commercial GDI-engine vehicle running under various conditions, namely cold-start, hotstart, hot stabilized running, idle, and acceleration states. Our results showed that most of the particles were organic, soot, and Ca-rich ones, with small quantities of S-rich and metal-containing particles. In terms of particle size, the particles exhibited a bimodal distribution in number vs size, with one mode at 800-900 nm and the other at 140-240 nm. The numbers of organic particles emitted under hot-start and hot stabilized states were higher than those emitted under other conditions. The number of soot particles was higher under cold-start and acceleration states. Under the idle state, the proportion of Ca-rich particles was highest, although their absolute number was low. In addition to quantifying the types of particles emitted by the engine, we studied the ageing of the particles during 3.5 h of photochemical oxidation in an environmental chamber under the Beijing urban environment. Ageing transformed soot particles into core-shell structures, coated by secondary organic species, while the content of sulfur in Ca-rich and organic particles increased. Overall, the majority of particles from GDI-engine vehicles were organic and soot particles with submicron or nanometric size. The particles were highly reactive; they reacted in the atmosphere and changed their morphology and composition within hours via catalysed acidification that involved gaseous pollutants at high pollution levels in Beijing.Highlights.-GDI-engine vehicles emitted a large amount of both primary and secondary organic aerosol (SOA).-Higher numbers of organic particles were emitted under hot stabilized running and hot-start states.Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 2782 J. Xing et al.: Characteristics and ageing of particles from gasoline vehicle -Sulfate and secondary organic aerosol formed on the surface of primary particles after ageing.-Particles aged rapidly by catalysed acidification under high pollution levels in Beijing.

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“…Various studies on regional haze in China have been conducted by many scientists (e.g., Bennartz et al, 2011;Guo et al, 2014;Li and Shao, 2009;Lin et al, 2017;Liu et al, 2017b;Ren et al, 2016;Shi et al, 2017;Zhang et al, 2018b). Current hot issues on haze pollution concentrate on the formation processes of regional haze in various atmospheric environments and their potential optical and health influences (Chen et al, 2017a;Gao et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring wintertime regional haze in Northeast China: role of coal and biomass burning

Zhang¹,

Liu²,

Li³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Abstract. As one of the intense anthropogenic emission regions across the relatively high latitude (>&#8201;40&#176;&#8201;N) areas on the Earth, Northeast China faces serious problem on regional haze during long winter with half a year. Aerosols in polluted haze in Northeast China are poorly understood compared with the haze in other regions of China such as North China Plain. Here, we for the first time integrated bulk chemical measurements with single particle analysis from transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometer (NanoSIMS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to obtain morphology, size, composition, aging process, and sources of aerosol particles collected during two contrasting regional haze events (Haze-I and Haze-II) at an urban site and a mountain site in Northeast China, and further investigated the causes of regional haze formation. Haze-I evolved from moderate (average PM2.5: 76&#8211;108&#8201;&#956;g/m3) to heavy pollution (151&#8211;154&#8201;&#956;g/m3), with the dominant PM2.5 component changing from organic matter (OM) (39&#8211;45&#8201;&#956;g/m3) to secondary inorganic ions (94&#8211;101&#8201;&#956;g/m3). Similarly, TEM observations showed that S-OM particles elevated from 29&#8201;% to 60&#8201;% by number at urban site and 64&#8201;% to 74&#8201;% at mountain site and 75&#8211;96&#8201;% of Haze-I particles included primary OM. Change of wind direction induced that Haze-I rapidly turned into Haze-II (185&#8211;223&#8201;&#956;g/m3) with the predominant OM (98&#8211;133&#8201;&#956;g/m3) and unexpectedly high K+ (3.8&#8201;&#956;g/m3). TEM also showed that K-OM particles increased from 4&#8211;5&#8201;% by number to 50&#8211;52&#8201;%. Our study revealed a contrasting formation mechanism of these two haze events: Haze-I was induced by accumulation of primary OM emitted from residential coal burning and further deteriorated by secondary aerosol formation via heterogeneous reactions; Haze-II was caused by long-range transport of agricultural biomass burning emissions. Moreover, we found that 75&#8211;97&#8201;% of haze particles contained tarballs, but only 4&#8211;23&#8201;% contained black carbon and its concentrations were low at 2.7&#8211;4.3&#8201;&#956;g/m3. The results highlight that abundant tarballs are important light-absorbing brown carbon in Northeast China during winter haze and further considered in climate models.

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Morphology, composition, and mixing state of primary particles from combustion sources — crop residue, wood, and solid waste

Cited by 78 publications

References 66 publications

Aircraft and MiniCAST soot at the nanoscale

Aircraft and MiniCAST soot at the nanoscale

Morphology and size of the particles emitted from a gasoline-direct-injection-engine vehicle and their ageing in an environmental chamber

Exploring wintertime regional haze in Northeast China: role of coal and biomass burning

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