A quantum processor (QuP) can be used to exploit quantum mechanics to find the prime factors of composite numbers [1]. Compiled versions of Shor's algorithm have been demonstrated on ensemble quantum systems [2] and photonic systems [3][4][5], however this has yet to be shown using solid state quantum bits (qubits). Two advantages of superconducting qubit architectures are the use of conventional microfabrication techniques, which allow straightforward scaling to large numbers of qubits, and a toolkit of circuit elements that can be used to engineer a variety of qubit types and interactions [6,7]. Using a number of recent qubit control and hardware advances [7][8][9][10][11][12][13], here we demonstrate a nine-quantum-element solid-state QuP and show three experiments to highlight its capabilities. We begin by characterizing the device with spectroscopy. Next, we produces coherent interactions between five qubits and verify bi-and tripartite entanglement via quantum state tomography (QST) [8,12,14,15]. In the final experiment, we run a three-qubit compiled version of Shor's algorithm to factor the number 15, and successfully find the prime factors 48 % of the time. Improvements in the superconducting qubit coherence times and more complex circuits should provide the resources necessary to factor larger composite numbers and run more intricate quantum algorithms.In this experiment, we scaled-up from an architecture initially implemented with two qubits and three resonators [7] to a nine-element quantum processor (QuP) capable of realizing rapid entanglement and a compiled version of Shor's algorithm. The device is composed of four phase qubits and five superconducting coplanar waveguide (CPW) resonators, where the resonators are used as qubits by accessing only the two lowest levels. Four of the five CPWs can be used as quantum memory elements as in Ref. [7] and the fifth can be used to mediate entangling operations.The QuP can create entanglement and execute quantum circuits [16,17] with high-fidelity single-qubit gates (X, Y , Z, and H), [18,19]combined with swaps and controlled-phase (C φ ) gates [7,13,20], where one qubit interacts with a resonator at a time. The QuP can also utilize "fast-entangling logic" by bringing all participating qubits on resonance with the resonator at the same time to generate simultaneous entanglement [21]. At present, this combination of entangling capabilities has not been demonstrated on a single device. Previous examples have shown: spectroscopic evidence of the increased coupling for up to three qubits coupled to a resonator [14], as well as coherent interactions between two and three qubits with a resonator [12], although these lacked tomographic evidence of entanglement.Here we show coherent interactions for up to four qubits with a resonator and verify genuine bi-and tripartite entanglement including Bell [9] and |W -states [10] with quantum state tomography (QST). This QuP has the further advantage of creating entanglement at a rate more than twice that of previous demonst...

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The human gut microbiome is a huge microbial community that plays an irreplaceable role in human life. With the further development of research, the influence of intestinal flora on human diseases has been gradually excavated. Gut microbiota (GM) dysbiosis has adverse health effects on the human body that will lead to a variety of chronic diseases. The underlying mechanisms of GM on human diseases are incredibly complicated. This review focuses on the regulation and mechanism of GM on neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases and gastrointestinal diseases, thus providing a potential target for the prevention and treatment of disease.

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The dynamics of an order parameter's amplitude and phase determines the collective behaviour of novel states emerging in complex materials. Time-and momentum-resolved pump-probe spectroscopy, by virtue of measuring material properties at atomic and electronic time scales out of equilibrium, can decouple entangled degrees of freedom by visualizing their corresponding dynamics in the time domain. Here we combine time-resolved femotosecond optical and resonant X-ray diffraction measurements on charge ordered La 1.75 sr 0.25 nio 4 to reveal unforeseen photoinduced phase fluctuations of the charge order parameter. such fluctuations preserve long-range order without creating topological defects, distinct from thermal phase fluctuations near the critical temperature in equilibrium. Importantly, relaxation of the phase fluctuations is found to be an order of magnitude slower than that of the order parameter's amplitude fluctuations, and thus limits charge order recovery. This new aspect of phase fluctuations provides a more holistic view of the phase's importance in ordering phenomena of quantum matter.

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The formation mechanism of misfit dislocations in lattice-mismatched InxGa1−xAs epilayers (0.2≤x≤1) grown on GaAs substrates has been investigated experimentally. The results suggest that 1/3〈111〉 Frank partial dislocations are grown-in at island edges in highly lattice-mismatched epilayers (x≥0.4). Then after further island growth 90° Shockley partial dislocations are nucleated to remove the stacking faults, reacting with the Frank partials to form complete 90° dislocations. An atomic model is proposed to explain the formation mechanism of the Frank partial dislocation. This model could explain the observed change in the dominant type of dislocation from the 60° at small mismatches to 90° edge dislocations at large lattice mismatches.