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The electrochemical upgrading of bio-oil is a potential renewable approach toward generating liquid biofuels or industrial chemicals under mild reaction conditions (≤80 °C and ambient pressure). The aromatic structural evolution in biooil is a key consideration in bio-oil application. In this study, a bio-oil sample produced from the fast pyrolysis of rice husk at 500 °C and its lignin-derived oligomers were electrolyzed in an electrolytic cell with platinum electrodes. The samples at discrete time intervals were extracted and analyzed using ultraviolet fluorescence spectroscopy, gas chromatography−mass spectrometry, and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance−mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Results showed that aromatic compounds with one and two benzene rings decreased with a prolonged processing time. The unsaturated aromatic compounds were hydrogenated and converted into saturated compounds. Species with more than two aromatic rings were the main compounds detected by FT-ICR MS. The lignin-derived oligomers contained the most phenolic compounds with more than two aromatic rings of the bio-oil. However, the evolution of these phenolic compounds showed different trends between the electrolysis of bio-oil and the lignin-derived oligomer fraction. This phenomenon was attributed to the presence of the light components derived from cellulose/hemicellulose species in the bio-oil. These species were reactive and able to produce radicals that enhanced the hydrogenation reactions. Accordingly, interactions among bio-oil compounds occurred during electrochemical treatment.

Bio-oil is a mixture of organics produced from pyrolysis of biomass. The organics in bio-oil serve as the feedstock for the production of hydrogen, chemicals, biofuels, and carbon materials. In many processes for conversion of bio-oil, heating is required. The thermal treatment of bio-oil induces the polymerization/cracking of the organics in bio-oil, producing coke. Coke could lower the carbon conversion efficiency of bio-oil, clog the reactor chamber, and deactivate the catalyst, imposing the main challenge for the utilization of bio-oil involving the heating of bio-oil. This review investigates the coking issues in the processes for bio-oil upgrading including esterification, hydrotreatment, catalytic pyrolysis, pyrolysis, steam reforming, and the process for the conversion of bio-oil to carbon materials. The properties of coke formed from thermal treatment of bio-oil, the mechanism for coking of bio-oil, and the methods developed for tackling the coking of bio-oil are the focus.

Adsorption-low temperature pyrolysis of dodecacarbonyltriruthenium leads to the formation of small Ru NPs on carbon toward effective hydrogen evolution.

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The development of reactors with varied configurations for the pyrolysis of municipal waste is discussed in this review.

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