Climate change and its variability are some of the most critical threats to sustainable agriculture, with potentially severe consequences on Indonesia’s agriculture, such as changes in rainfall patterns, especially the onset of the wet season and the temporal distribution of rainfall. Most Indonesian farmers receive support from agricultural extension services, and therefore, design their agricultural calendar based on personal experience without considering global climate phenomena, such as La Niña and El Niño, which difficult to interpret on a local scale. This paper describes the Integrated Cropping Calendar Information System (ICCIS) as a mechanism for adapting to climate variability. The ICCIS contains recommendations on planting time, cropping pattern, planting area, varieties, fertilizers, agricultural machinery, potential livestock feed, and crop damage due to climate extremes for rice, maize, and soybean. To accelerate the dissemination of information, the ICCIS is presented in an integrated web-based information system. The ICCIS is disseminated to extension workers and farmers by Task Force of the Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology (AIAT) located in each province. Based on the survey results, it is known that the ICCIS adoption rate is moderate to high. The AIAT must actively encourage and support the ICCIS Task Force team in each province. Concerning the technological recommendations, it is necessary to update the recommendations for varieties, fertilizer, and feed to be more compatible with local conditions. More accurate information and more intensive dissemination can enrich farmers’ knowledge, allowing for a better understanding of climate hazards and maintaining agricultural production.
Abstract. Apriyana Y, Sarvina Y, Dewi ER, Pramudia A. 2017. Farmer adaptation strategy in paddy field affected by climate variability in monsoon regions. Asian J Agric 1: 9-16. Adaptation of agriculture cultivation to climate variability and climate anomalies both in paddy field especially in monsoon regions is one of the strategies to minimize the impact of these two phenomena to reduce the economic loss, particularly for food security in Indonesia. The objectives of this study are: (i) to identify onset and cropping pattern in irrigated land, rainfed and dry land in affected area due to climate anomalies, (ii) to collect information on carrying capacity water resources and adaptation practices applied by farmers and, (iii) to identify strategies for farmers on irrigated land, rainfed and dry land in the region affected by climate variability. The desk work analysis and field survey were conducted in Serang District, Banten Province, Subang District, West Java Province and Pati District, Central Jawa Province, Indonesia. The study was undertaken in three cluster activities i.e. (i) correlation analysis of climate anomalies and rainfall, (ii) field survey and, (iii) analysis of onset planting season, cropping pattern, water availability, the best planting time and irrigation schedule. The results showed that the farmers in affected area due to climate variability could adapt by shifting the onset of planting season. Farmers in irrigated lands changed their onset around 2-4 ten-days period to October II -December II. Furthermore, in rainfed areas, the onset around 4-6 ten-days period was shifted to November I -January III. For dry land their onset around 6-8 ten-days period was moved to November II -February I. The cropping pattern rice-rice-palawija/fallow was applied on irrigated land. Furthermore, the pattern of rice-rice/palawija/fallow-fallow was carried out in rainfed. Finally, the pattern of palawija-palawija/fallow-dormant was performed on the dry land. Adaptation programs dealing with climate variability in Serang and Pati Districts varied more than in Subang District. In Serang and Pati, during the first planting season, farmers applied irrigation roughly 20%-30% of water pump from the river and during second planting season, farmers in Pati District used water from well-pump, as well as in Serang that can reach 100% of the application.
Variabilitas iklim di Indonesia yang ditandai dengan peningkatan fluktuasi, frekuensi dan intensitas anomali iklim dalam dasawarsa terakhir akibat fenomena ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) dan IOD (Indian Ocean Dipole) menyebabkan perubahan pola distribusi, intensitas dan periode musim hujan sehingga awal musim hujan maupun musim kemarau menjadi terlambat. Kondisi tersebut pada akhirnya berdampak terhadap pergeseran waktu dan pola tanaman pangan baik di wilayah dengan pola hujan monsunal maupun equatorial. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak yang ditimbulkan oleh variabilitas iklim terhadap waktu tanam padi pada wilayah dengan pola hujan yang berbeda. Penelitian berupa desk work di sentra produksi padi pada wilayah dengan pola hujan monsunal yaitu Karawang dan pola hujan equatorial yaitu di Pesisir Selatan. Tahap penelitian dilakukan melalui (i) pengumpulan data curah hujan dan peta informasi dari stasiun curah hujan dan klimatologi; (ii) analisis iklim regional melalui analisis curah hujan yang tersebar di wilayah penelitian dilanjutkan dengan penentuan dampak variabilitas iklim, kemudian dilakukan analisis hubungan curah hujan dengan indikator penyimpangan iklim; serta (iii) analisis dinamika waktu tanam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dampak variabilitas iklim regional terhadap penurunan curah hujan mulai terjadi pada periode September-November baik di Karawang maupun di Pesisir Selatan. Pengaruh anomali iklim pada wilayah pola hujan monsunal lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan wilayah pola hujan Equatorial. Di Karawang, waktu tanam mundur 2-6 dasarian baik akibat fenomena ENSO maupun IOD, sedangkan di Pesisir Selatan tidak terjadi pergeseran waktu tanam dibandingkan dengan kondisi normalnya. Di Karawang semua wilayah terkena dampak anomali iklim terjadi penurunan luas panen pada Juli-Oktober dan puncak tanam terjadi pada Desember. Di Pesisir Selatan, kenaikan anomali iklim baik ENSO maupun IOD diikuti dengan penurunan luas tanam pada September dan Oktober. Pada wilayah yang tidak terkena dampak, puncak tanam terjadi pada bulan Oktober dan pada wilayah yang terkena dampak iklim regional tersebut terjadi pada bulan Desember.
<p>Changes in the frequency and severity of extreme climate events and in the variability of weather patterns will have significant consequences for stability of agricultural system. Research objectives were to a) analyze the Impact of Climate Change on Food Crops in Dryland b) develop a software prototype analysis of the impact of climate change on food production, especially upland rice and maize on dry land; c) create a simulation with multiple scenarios of the impact of climate change on dry land. The study was conducted in South Sulawesi, West Nusatenggara and East Nusatenggara.The activities were carried out by projecting precipitation using scenarios: a) SRESA2 (Scenarios of climate change by assuming economic growth is lower and population growth remains high so the rate of greenhouse gas emissions increased, b) SRESB1 (scenario of climate change by assuming mitigation efforts through expanding efficient use of energy and technology improvements so that the emission levels are lower) and making projections of production of upland rice and maize using Decission Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) as resource information in the preparation of prototype software information Systems Climate Change Impacts on Crop Production (SIDaPi TaPa). The system was built based on the analysis simulation model projections of production output DSSAT. Based on SRES scenarios A2, the decline in rainfall increased until 2050 in several districts, in South Sulawesi, West Nusatenggara and East Nusatenggara.Treatment of adaptation through SRESB1 scenarios could be effective to anticipate a decrease in rainfall in some regions, either in 2025 or 2050. In general, the region experiencing a decrease in rainfall will also decrease in production of both upland rice and maize production. The decline in upland rice production by SRESA2 scenario until 2050 was between 20-25%, and by a scenario adaptation SRESB1 the decline in production could be minimized to only between 7 -10%.The decline in maize production in the plot until 2050 by SRESA2 was between 9-15%, using scenarios to reduce production SRESB1 was only 5-8%. SIDAPI TAPA is a software analysis of the impact of climate change on food production, especially upland rice and maize on dry land in South Sulawesi, West Nusatenggara and East Nusatenggara.</p>
The growth of the Indonesian population has led to an increase in the demand for rice, which the country has yet to satisfy. Indonesia needs a comprehensive strategy that integrates meaningful efforts to increase its agricultural production. This study aims to review the examined trends in rice yield in Indonesia for 70 years after Indonesia’s independence (1945–2016) followed by the identification of the application technology and factors that contribute to increasing rice yields to forecast sustainable food security scenarios up to 2030. This article reviews the results of research on rice production technology in Indonesia from 1945 to 2016, and the outlook for 2030. This paper examines the main points of the Indonesian transformation of rice technology: improvement of rice varieties, integrated crop management, innovations in agricultural machinery, and the Integrated Cropping Calendar Information System (ICCIS). We found that transformation has helped Indonesia increased its rice yields from 3 t ha−1 prior to 1961 to 4.6 t ha−1 in 1985, stagnated in 1990, and increased again in 2017 to 5,46 t ha−1. The increase in yield was sustained by an increase in the harvested area owing to cropping index (CI) innovation. Food security and sustainable development remain the primary goals of Indonesia’s agricultural sector. The application of appropriate technologies and institutional innovations can assist Indonesia in achieving its food security. Therefore, the transformation of technological innovations will continue to be an essential driver of future agricultural growth, including greater use of crop varieties, machinery, and land/institutional reforms.
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