Climate change and its variability are some of the most critical threats to sustainable agriculture, with potentially severe consequences on Indonesia’s agriculture, such as changes in rainfall patterns, especially the onset of the wet season and the temporal distribution of rainfall. Most Indonesian farmers receive support from agricultural extension services, and therefore, design their agricultural calendar based on personal experience without considering global climate phenomena, such as La Niña and El Niño, which difficult to interpret on a local scale. This paper describes the Integrated Cropping Calendar Information System (ICCIS) as a mechanism for adapting to climate variability. The ICCIS contains recommendations on planting time, cropping pattern, planting area, varieties, fertilizers, agricultural machinery, potential livestock feed, and crop damage due to climate extremes for rice, maize, and soybean. To accelerate the dissemination of information, the ICCIS is presented in an integrated web-based information system. The ICCIS is disseminated to extension workers and farmers by Task Force of the Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology (AIAT) located in each province. Based on the survey results, it is known that the ICCIS adoption rate is moderate to high. The AIAT must actively encourage and support the ICCIS Task Force team in each province. Concerning the technological recommendations, it is necessary to update the recommendations for varieties, fertilizer, and feed to be more compatible with local conditions. More accurate information and more intensive dissemination can enrich farmers’ knowledge, allowing for a better understanding of climate hazards and maintaining agricultural production.
Abstract. Apriyana Y, Sarvina Y, Dewi ER, Pramudia A. 2017. Farmer adaptation strategy in paddy field affected by climate variability in monsoon regions. Asian J Agric 1: 9-16. Adaptation of agriculture cultivation to climate variability and climate anomalies both in paddy field especially in monsoon regions is one of the strategies to minimize the impact of these two phenomena to reduce the economic loss, particularly for food security in Indonesia. The objectives of this study are: (i) to identify onset and cropping pattern in irrigated land, rainfed and dry land in affected area due to climate anomalies, (ii) to collect information on carrying capacity water resources and adaptation practices applied by farmers and, (iii) to identify strategies for farmers on irrigated land, rainfed and dry land in the region affected by climate variability. The desk work analysis and field survey were conducted in Serang District, Banten Province, Subang District, West Java Province and Pati District, Central Jawa Province, Indonesia. The study was undertaken in three cluster activities i.e. (i) correlation analysis of climate anomalies and rainfall, (ii) field survey and, (iii) analysis of onset planting season, cropping pattern, water availability, the best planting time and irrigation schedule. The results showed that the farmers in affected area due to climate variability could adapt by shifting the onset of planting season. Farmers in irrigated lands changed their onset around 2-4 ten-days period to October II -December II. Furthermore, in rainfed areas, the onset around 4-6 ten-days period was shifted to November I -January III. For dry land their onset around 6-8 ten-days period was moved to November II -February I. The cropping pattern rice-rice-palawija/fallow was applied on irrigated land. Furthermore, the pattern of rice-rice/palawija/fallow-fallow was carried out in rainfed. Finally, the pattern of palawija-palawija/fallow-dormant was performed on the dry land. Adaptation programs dealing with climate variability in Serang and Pati Districts varied more than in Subang District. In Serang and Pati, during the first planting season, farmers applied irrigation roughly 20%-30% of water pump from the river and during second planting season, farmers in Pati District used water from well-pump, as well as in Serang that can reach 100% of the application.
Padi, jagung, kedelai dan bawang merah merupakan komoditas pangan unggulan di Indonesia. Jagung dan bawang merah umumnya ditanam sesudah padi atau kedelai di lahan sawah tadah hujan sehingga rentan terhadap kekeringan. Oleh sebab itu informasi iklim khususnya curah hujan dan suhu sangat penting dalam menentukan waktu tanam dan kebutuhan air yang tepat bagi tananam. Tujuan penelitian adalah menentukan waktu tanam dan kebutuhan air tanaman padi, jagung, kedelai, dan bawang merah berdasarkan analisis neraca air tanaman, serta menyusun peta waktu tanam di dua provinsi sentra produksi pangan Indonesia yaitu Jawa Barat dan Nusa Tenggara Timur agar risiko penurunan produksi karena kekeringan dapat diturunkan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis neraca air tanaman di 16 wilayah, tanaman yang ditanam pada tanah bertekstur debu memiliki waktu tanam rata-rata 13 dasarian, relatif lebih panjang dari tanah bertekstur lempung, liat dan pasir dengan waktu tanam berturut-turut: 10, 9 dan 5 dasarian. Wilayah dengan tekstur tanah pasir memiliki periode waktu tanam relatif lebih pendek karena tanah ini tidak dapat menahan air lebih lama di dalam tanah yang menyebabkan cekaman air lebih cepat terjadi. Tanaman padi lebih rentan terhadap kekeringan jika dibandingkan dengan tiga tanaman lainnya sehingga risiko kehilangan hasil juga relatif lebih tinggi. Kebutuhkan irigasi tanaman padi pada periode tanam Mei-Agustus dapat mencapai 4,9 mm hari-1 di provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Karakteristik curah hujan Jawa Barat memiliki bulan basah > 7 bulan sehingga memungkinkan waktu tanam lebih lama yaitu (pada tanah bertekstur) debu: 10-15 dasarian, lempung: 8-14 dasarian, liat: 8-13 dasarian dan pasir: 4-7 dasarian. Nusa Tenggara Timur dengan kondisi iklim lebih kering (bulan kering > 7 bulan) umumnya tidak direkomendasikan untuk menanam padi gogo dan disarankan untuk menanam jagung untuk menekan risiko kehilangan hasil.
Climate change has been affecting agricultural water resources dynamics spatially and temporally. This article presents analysis results of climate change impact on agricultural water availability in Cimanuk Watershed, Indonesia. STREAM was utilized to model agricultural water availability through FAO MOSAICC web application. Climate spatial data time-series were generated using 3 Global Climate Model (GCM), i.e.,: CanESM2, CNRM-CM5, and MPI-ESM-MR following two climate change scenarios of RCP4.5 and 8.5. Model inputs were split into three periods of 1981–2010 (historical), 2010–2039 (near-future), and 2040–2069 (far-future). Historical data model validation showed the efficiency coefficient of the observed and simulated discharge data ratio was 0.68. The results showed a decreasing volumetric water availability from all generated climate data and scenarios, identified by comparing the discharge normal distribution of the historical and future data periods. Whereas, trend analysis of RCP4.5 scenario showed increasing maximum discharge of Cimanuk river using CanESM2 and MPI-ESM-MR GCM’s data, with a Mann–Kendall coefficient of 3.23 and 3.57. These results indicate a different agricultural water balance status within the watershed area, particularly a “very critical” water balance in Indramayu and Majalengka, “critical” in Garut, and “close to critical” in Sumedang Regency.
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