Background:  Periodontal diseases and diabetes are two common diseases with high prevalence. Many clinicians have accepted the relationship between these two diseases. Some investigators have reported that periodontal treatment may enhance the metabolic control of diabetes. The effects of non‐surgical periodontal treatment on metabolic control in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) were examined. Methods:  Forty patients with DM2 and chronic periodontitis [mean age = 50.29 years; mean glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) = 8.72] were randomly assigned to two groups. The treatment group (n = 22) received full‐mouth scaling and root planing, whereas the control group (n = 18) received no periodontal treatment. Gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), HbA1c, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol levels were recorded at baseline and compared to data collected three months later. Results:  The groups did not differ in gender ratio, age or clinical parameters [PPD (p = 0.107), CAL (p = 0.888), PI (p = 0.180)] and biochemical markers at baseline [FPG (p = 0.429), HbA1c (p = 0.304), TG (p = 0.486), TC (p = 0.942), LDL (p = 0.856) and HDL (p = 0.881)]. FPG, HbA1c and clinical parameters differed between the treatment and control groups (p = 0.006, 0.003 and 0, respectively). From baseline to follow‐up (after three months), HbA1c levels decreased in the treated group (p = 0.003). In the same time period, FPG, GI, PPD and CAL increased in the control group (p = 0.016, 0.0, 0.0 and 0.004, respectively) but HbA1c did not change significantly. Conclusions:  Non‐surgical periodontal therapy could improve metabolic control in diabetic patients.

BackgroundAlthough using light-cured composites for bonding orthodontic brackets has become increasingly popular, curing light cannot penetrate the metallic bulk of brackets and polymerization of composites is limited to the edges. Limited access and poor direct sight may be a problem in the posterior teeth. Meanwhile, effectiveness of the trans-illumination technique is questionable due to increased bucco-lingual thickness of the posterior teeth. Light-emitting diode (LED) light-curing units cause less temperature rise and lower risk to the pulpal tissue. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of trans-illumination technique in bonding metallic brackets to premolars, using different light intensities and curing times of an LED light-curing unit.MethodsSixty premolars were randomly divided into six groups. Bonding of brackets was done with 40- and 80-s light curing from the buccal or lingual aspect with different intensities. Shear bond strengths of brackets were measured using a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance test and Duncan's post hoc test.ResultsThe highest shear bond belonged to group 2 (high intensity, 40 s, buccal) and the lowest belonged to group 3 (low intensity, 40 s, lingual). Bond strength means in control groups were significantly higher than those in experimental groups.ConclusionsIn all experimental groups except group 6 (80 s, high intensity, lingual), shear bond strength was below the clinically accepted values. In clinical limitations where light curing from the same side of the bracket is not possible, doubling the curing time and increasing the light intensity during trans-illumination are recommended for achieving acceptable bond strengths.

Background: Hyperbilirubinemia is the most common reason for admission during the neonatal period and may develop serious complications. Thrombocytopenia is defined as platelet count <150,000/mm 3 and has not been conclusively reported as a complication of hyperbilirubinemia in any of the standard paediatric textbooks. The aim of this study was to find the incidence of thrombocytopenia in neonates with idiopathic jaundice and the relationship between hyperbilirubinaemia and platelet count.

Background & Objectives: Jaundice is a common clinical aspect during infancy which affects term (60%) and preterm (80%) newborns in the first week of life. One of the most common reasons is glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency that might increase the risk of severe hyperbilirubinemia and kernicterus. The aim of this study was to determine prevalence rate of enzyme deficiency in newborns with jaundice in North Khorasan. We also compared clinical and paraclinical values and complications among G6PD-deficient and normal G6PD infants who were admitted in the hospital due to jaundice. Materials and Methods: This analytic descriptive study was performed on files of newborns with jaundice. Information of babies who admitted due to jaundice such as perinatal history, clinical and laboratory findings were collected and recorded. Data was compared between two groups of normal G6PD and G6PD deficient-neonates. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS 17 statistical package. Results: Among 754 admitted infants with jaundice, we found 24(3.2%) babies with G6PD deficiency. We did not find any significant differences between two groups for variables like birth weight, weight on admission, total serum bilirubin, hematocrit, coombs, hospitalization period whereas a significant statistical difference for reticulocyte was recorded. We did not find any relation between G6PD deficiency and number of blood exchange performing. Conclusion: G6PD deficiency is a common enzyme defect among newborns with hyperbilirubinemia (3.2%) in North Khorasan, Iran and may cause severe hyperbilirubinemia and kernicterus. There was significant difference between two groups for reticulocyte count. By screening all infants in high prevalence places and on-time treatment we can prevent further complications of G6PD deficiency disorder.

Objectives:The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of fiber reinforced composite bonded retainers in comparison with flexible spiral wires (FSWs) under high and low cariogenic-simulated environments using human oral fibroblasts.Materials and Methods:Four types of bonded retainers were evaluated: (1) reinforced with glass fibers: Interlig (Angelus), (2) reinforced with polyethylene fibers: Connect (Kerr), (3) reinforced with quartz fibers: Quartz Splint UD (RTD), and (4) FSW. Twenty specimens of each sample group were prepared with the same surface area and halved. Next, half of them were placed in a high cariogenic environment 60 min in 10% lactic acid 3 times a day and remained in Fusayama Meyer artificial saliva for the rest of the day) and the other half were placed in a low cariogenic environment 20 min in 10% lactic acid 3 times a day and remained in Fusayama Meyer artificial saliva for the rest of the day) for 1, 7 and 30 days. Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (α =0.05).Results:During the 1st month, cytotoxicity reduced gradually. In the low cariogenic-simulated environment, the cytotoxicity of all of the groups were reported to be mild at day 30 and the difference between them was significant (P = 0.016). In the same period in the high cariogenic-simulated environment, the cytotoxicity of Connect and Quartz Splint was mild, and they had lower cytotoxicity than the other groups. Meanwhile, Interlig had moderate (52%) and FSW had severe cytotoxicity (22%) and the difference between the groups was also significant (P = 0.000).Conclusions:FSW retainers are not recommended in those at high-risk for dental caries. However, in those at low-risk, there is no difference from the standpoint of cytotoxicity.

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Introduction: Malocclusion causes patient's physical or emotional problems, tooth decay, gingivitis, etc. Risk of Malocclusion Assessment index determines the early orthodontic treatment need. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of malocclusion required early orthodontic treatment in children 7-11 years old in Bojnurd in 2018. Methods: A total of 616 students aged 7 to 11 years (271 boys and 345 girls) during mixed dentition in elementary schools in Bojnurd, who were selected by cluster sampling, were examined by two orthodontists. Those who were grade one or two were considered as no or low treatment need and those who were grade three, four and five were considered as treatment need by Risk of Malocclusion Assessment index. Collected Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, Chi-square and Fisher tests in SPSS version 23, and the prevalence of malocclusion, required early orthodontic treatment, was determined. P-value <0.05 was considered as significant.Results: The prevalence of grade 1 and 2 of Risk of Malocclusion Assessment index was announced 14%. The prevalence of grade 3, 4, and 5 of Risk Of Malocclusion Assessment index were 77.7%, 8% and 0.3% respectively. Conclusions: In this study, the prevalence of early orthodontic treatment need was 86.2%. According to the results, it can be concluded that the risk of malocclusion in children in Bojnurd is very high and planning to take preventive measures to reduce malocclusion in Bojnurd seems to be necessary.

Background: Hyperbilirubinemia is the most common reason for admission during the neonatal period and may develop serious complications. Thrombocytopenia is defined as platelet count <150,000/mm 3 and has not been conclusively reported as a complication of hyperbilirubinemia in any of the standard paediatric textbooks. The aim of this study was to find the incidence of thrombocytopenia in neonates with idiopathic jaundice and the relationship between hyperbilirubinaemia and platelet count.