Infectious diarrhea cases have increased during the past years in the Anhui Province of China, but little is known about its spatial cluster pattern and associated socioeconomic factors. We obtained county-level total cases of infectious diarrhea in 105 counties of Anhui in 2016 and computed age-adjusted rates. Socioeconomic factors were collected from the Statistical Yearbook. Hot spot analysis was used to identify hot and cold spot counties for infectious diarrhea incidence. We then applied binary logistic regression models to determine the association between socioeconomic factors and hot spot or cold spot clustering risk. Hot spot analysis indicated there were both significant hot spot (29 counties) and cold spot (18 counties) clustering areas for infectious diarrhea in Anhui (P < 0.10). Multivariate binary logistic regression results showed that infectious diarrhea hot spots were positively associated with per capita gross domestic product (GDP), with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 3.51, 95% CI: 2.09-5.91, whereas cold spots clustering were positively associated with the number of medical staffs (AOR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.08-1.29) and negatively associated with the number of public health physicians (AOR: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.09-0.86). We identified locations for hot and cold spot clusters of infectious diarrhea incidence in Anhui, and the clustering risks were significantly associated with health workforce resources and the regional economic development. Targeted interventions should be carried out with considerations of regional socioeconomic conditions.
In the field of optical microscopy, height valuations, or calibrations, are critical to ensure accuracy and traceability. Height assessment, however, may be controversial, particularly for measurements on large steps or narrow grooves. Thus, standard setting and instrument operations are essential. In this paper, the limited energy lost (LEL) method, which is a Chinese solution, and the well-known ISO W/3 method were both applied in a two-year round robin test to verify their theoretical compatibility and promote their corresponding applications throughout China. The results show that the LEL method successfully predicted outlier growth for progressively narrowing grooves. In addition, compared with the W/3 method, 71% of the results from 24 measurements showed improved repeatability when applying the LEL method. This paper supports the LEL method with evidence from a large sample, after its original publishing in 2016 and the subsequent publication, as a key part of China’s standard on confocal microscopy, in 2017. These results indicate that dynamic model-based valuation might be the future trend for 3D optical micro-nano metrology.
Background: Despite the importance of microorganisms in soil nitrogen (N) cycling, studies on spatial patterns of microbial N genes in the temperate grassland are still lacking, whose productivity is limited by N. Here, we investigated microbial N genes from 60 temperate grassland sites across 1 161 km in Inner Mongolia, China.Results: All N gene abundances tended to decrease from northeast to southwest, consistent with precipitation change but contrary to temperature trend. Most N gene abundances increased with rising precipitation when < 321 or 403 mm, but remained stable after breaking points, indicating nonlinear saturation curves dominated response patterns. Moreover, decay relationships were discovered for N gene community over geographic distance, whose effect was direct in temperate desert steppe but indirect via environmental heterogeneity in temperate meadow and typical steppe.Representativeness of geographic distance on historical-contingency was dominant only in temperate meadow (81.2%). N gene community similarity decay was mainly attributed to plant community (76.98%), with wider range, in typical steppe; while contemporary-disturbance was the attributor more important in temperate meadow (29.41%).Conclusions: Overall, we discovered non-linear patterns of N genes along precipitation gradient, and quantified attributions of geographic distance, plant community, historical-contingency and contemporary-disturbance to N gene community similarity decay, clearly ecosystem-dependent.Not applicable.
Consent for publicationNot applicable.
Objective: To analyze the influencing factors of hospitalization costs of 700 HIV/AIDS patients in a hospital in Shenzhen.
Methods: Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression were used to analyze the influencing factors of hospitalization expenses, distinguish the patients with medicare and those without medicare, gray association was used to analyze the degree of association between various costs and hospitalization costs.
Results: In 700 cases of HIV/AIDS patients, the influencing factor of total hospitalization cost is the length of hospital stay (LOS). The influencing factor of hospitalization cost of medical insurance and self-paying patients includes the LOS and the way of payment, the first three high expenses of hospitalization are western medicine, laboratory and physical therapy expenses. ursing and bed expenses have the highest correlation with hospitalization expenses, while the correlation of other items is high.
Conclusion: To strengthen the supervision and management of hospitals, reduce the proportion of drugs and consumables, shorten the length of hospitalization, can effectively reduce the hospitalization cost and reduce the economic burden of patients' diseases
BackgroundAmbient temperature change is a risk factor for urolithiasis that cannot be ignored. The association between temperature and urolithiasis varies from region to region. Our study aimed to analyze the impact of extremely high and low temperatures on the number of inpatients for urolithiasis and their lag effect in Ganzhou City, China.MethodsWe collected the daily number of inpatients with urolithiasis in Ganzhou from 2018 to 2019 and the meteorological data for the same period. The exposure-response relationship between the daily mean temperature and the number of inpatients with urolithiasis was studied by the distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM). The effect of extreme temperatures was also analyzed. A stratification analysis was performed for different gender and age groups.ResultsThere were 38,184 hospitalizations for urolithiasis from 2018 to 2019 in Ganzhou. The exposure-response curve between the daily mean temperature and the number of inpatients with urolithiasis in Ganzhou was non-linear and had an observed lag effect. The warm effects (30.4°C) were presented at lag 2 and lag 5–lag 9 days, and the cold effects (2.9°C) were presented at lag 8 and lag 3–lag 4 days. The maximum cumulative warm effects were at lag 0–10 days (cumulative relative risk, CRR = 2.379, 95% CI: 1.771, 3.196), and the maximum cumulative cold effects were at lag 0–5 (CRR = 1.182, 95% CI: 1.054, 1.326). Men and people between the ages of 21 and 40 were more susceptible to the extreme temperatures that cause urolithiasis.ConclusionExtreme temperature was correlated with a high risk of urolithiasis hospitalizations, and the warm effects had a longer duration than the cold effects. Preventing urolithiasis and protecting vulnerable people is critical in extreme temperature environments.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.