The leaves of star fruit plants (Averrhoa carambola) have been traditionally used to cure many diseases, such as hypertension and fever. Besides, the leaves of this plant have also widely been used as the main raw material in lawar (a Balinese traditional food) making. In this research, the methanol extract of this plant leaves was analyzed and identified for active compound contents. The main objective of this research was to investigate types of possible active and applicable compounds contained in such leaves, previously extracted/macerated in methanol solution. Analysis was conducted by applying GC-MS instrumentation using methanol solution. The results showed that 10 possible active and applicable compounds (Butane, 1,1-diethoxy-3 methyl-(CAS)1.1-DII, Dodecanoic acid, methyk ester(CAS) methyl, Dodecanoic acid, methyl ester (CAS) Ethyl Laun, Pentadecanoic acid ethyl ester, Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (CAS) Methyl pa, OCTADECA 9.12 DIENOIC ACID METHYL, 9-Octadecenoic acid methyl ester (E)-(CAS), Octadecanoic acid methyl ester, and (E) 9-Octadecanoic acid ethyl ester) were identified in methanol extract of such leaves. Among those compounds, Butane, 1,1-diethoxy-3-methyl and Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester was two most abundance constituents with percentage of peak areas of 35.67% and 26.93%, respectively.
Histamine is a toxic biogenic amine commonly found in seafood products or their derivatives. This metabolite is produced by histamine-producing bacteria (HPB) such as Proteus vulgaris, P. mirabilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, E. cloacae, Serratia fonticola, S. liquefaciens, Citrobacter freundii, C. braakii, Clostridium spp., Raoultella planticola, R. ornithinolytica, Vibrio alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus, V. olivaceus, Acinetobacter lowffi, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Pseudomonas putida, P. fluorescens, Aeromonas spp., Photobacterium damselae, P. phosphoreum, P. leiognathi, P. iliopiscarium, P. kishitanii, and P. aquimaris. In this review, the role of these bacteria in histamine production in fish and seafood products with consequences for human food poisoning following consumption are discussed. In addition, methods to control their activity in countering histamine production are proposed.
Objective Weissella confusa F213 (WCF213) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus FBB81 (LrFBB81) are two probiotic candidates isolated from humans in our previous study. Their functional activity on the mucosal barrier has not yet been adequately investigated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of these strains on maintaining mucosal integrity in vitro. Caco-2 cell monolayers were pretreated with WCF213 and LrFBB81 before being exposed to hydrogen peroxide. The integrity of mucosal cells was evaluated by measuring the transepithelial resistance (TER), flux of FITC-labelled dextran, and ZO-1 protein distribution with the help of an immunofluorescence method. Results WCF213 was found to significantly maintain the TER better than the control hydrogen peroxide-treated cells (p < 0.001), followed by the strain combination, and LrFBB81 alone (p < 0.05). The permeability of mucosa was also successfully maintained by the WCF213 strain. This was illustrated by the significant reduction in the flux of FITC-labelled dextran (p < 0.05), which was larger than that exhibited by the other groups. The ZO-1 distribution of strain-treated cells showed less disruption than hydrogen peroxide-treated cells, consistent with the TER and FITC experimental results. These findings indicate that WCF213 and LrFBB81 plays important roles in the maintenance of mucosal integrity in a strain-dependent manner.
Tanaman cabai (Capsicum annuum L.) merupakan salah satu komoditas hortikultura yang banyak dibudidayakan oleh petani di Indonesia. Kebutuhan cabai setiap tahun mengalami peningkatan, sedangkan produksinya sangat rendah, salah satu penyebab menurunnya produksi cabai adalah adanya gangguan penyakit layu bakteri, yang disebabkan oleh Ralstonia sp. Untuk menanggulanginya, maka perlu dikembangkan metoda biokontrol yang lebih aman dan ramah lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi patogen Ralstonia sp. pada tanaman cabai, serta untuk mengetahui efektivitas kultur Bacillus sp. B3 pada percobaan skala rumah kaca dalam menghambat bakteri Ralstonia sp. pada tanaman cabai. Djereng dkk. (2016), melaporkan Bacillus sp. B3 yang diisolasi dari produk CustomBio mampu menghambat Ralstonia sp. secara in vitro. Isolat Ralstonia sp. diisolasi dengan Platting Method menggunakan media selektif Sucrosa Peptone Agar (SPA) kemudian dilakukan uji Postulat Koch dan bakteri yang didapat dilakukan Uji pewarnaan Gram, uji Gula-gula, uji katalase, uji sitrat, dan hasil disesuaikan dengan buku identifikasi bakteri dari Holt et. al. (1994). Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan pada uji skala rumah kaca adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan parameter yang diukur meliputi lebar daun, panjang daun, panjang akar, tinggi batang, dan diameter batang. Data pengukuran dianalisis dengan Analysis of Varian (ANOVA), kemudian dilanjutkan dengan uji Tukey taraf signifikan 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bakteri Ralstonia sp. berhasil diisolasi dan diidentifikasi dari tanaman cabai dengan gejala layu bakteri. Isolat Bacillus sp. B3 mampu menghambat penyakit layu bakteri pada tanaman cabai dengan penurunan insiden infeksi sebesar ± 100% (100% survive), relatif terhadap kontrol (pot yang diinokulasi dengan patogen saja) pada percobaan skala rumah kaca selama 4 minggu.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi mikroba yang terdapat pada daerah rhizosfer tanaman stroberi (Fragaria x ananassa Dutch.) yang dibudidayakan di kawasan Pancasari, Bedugul Bali. Jenis penelitian ini termasuk deskriptif eksploratif yang dilakukan pada bulan April sampai bulan Juli 2018. Sampel tanah diambil pada bagian rhizosfer tanaman stroberi dan mikroba yang terdapat didalamnya diisolasi dengan metoda pengenceran dan sebar, dimurnikan dan diidentifikasi di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Pangan FTP Universitas Udayana. Karakteristik penting mikroba yang diamati dibandingkan dengan yang tertera pada buku referensi Bergey’s Manual of Determine Bacteriology 9th Edition (Holt et al., 1994) untuk isolat bakteri dan buku kunci identifikasi jamur (Barnett and Hunter, 1972; dan Pitt and Hocking, 2009). Mikroba yang berhasil diisolasi dan diidentifikasi pada penelitian ini adalah jamur-jamur Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum sp., dan bakteri-bakteri Pseudomonas sp. dan Bacillus sp. . Kata Kunci: rhizosfer, stroberi, mikroba.
Lawar, a special Balinese food made of leaves of star fruit plant, is commonly served in any Balinese traditional events, such as temple festival or wedding parties. The leaves of sweet and sour star fruit plant are used to make this traditional food. In this research, phenolic and tannin content of leaves of these types of plant were analyzed with a view to investigate their potential as antioxidant source. Phenolic compound has been well known to have antioxidant activity by neutralizing free radicals and stabilizing singlet oxygen. This compound has capacity to reduce free radicals by chelating metal ions or inhibiting enzymatic system, such as cyclo-oxygenase, mono-oxygenase or xanthine oxidase that catalyze formation of free radicals. [4] reported that plants with high content of phenolic compounds tend to have high nutritious and antioxidant activities Tannin is a compound belongs to polyphenolic group. Such compound is abundantly found in any plants. This compound has capacity to bind proteins, alkaloid, and gelatin. In human body, this compound play a very complex role, such as chelating metal ions, precipitating proteins, and functioning as biological antioxidant. The results of this study showed that the phenol content of sour and sweet star fruit plants were 2830.99/100 mg GAE and 1959.77/100 mg GAE, respectively, while the tannin content of these two plants were 18810.43 mg/100 gr TAE and 11035.75 mg/100 gr TAE, respectively, indicating that the leaves of sour star frit plant had better antioxidant activity than the sweet one.
Sapi bali merupakan salah satu spesies indigenous khas Bali yang mendapat perhatian besar karena keunikannya. Penelitian tentang penyakit, nutrisi serta pemuliaan hewan ini telah banyak dipublikasikan, tetapi belum banyak laporan penelitian mendalam tentang bakteri asam laktat (BAL) yang terdapat dalam susu sapi bali serta potensi pemanfaatannya sebagai probotik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi BAL pada susu sapi bali serta ketahanannya pada asam kolat sebagai salah satu syarat pengembangannya sebagai probiotik. Hasil identifikasi berdasarkan kesamaan susunan basa nukleotida pada variable region I, II, dan III pada molekul 16S rDNA menunjukkan bahwa 44 dari 62 isolat BAL yang diisolasi dari susu sapi bali memiliki kekerabatan yang dekat dengan Pediococcus acidilactici, sebanyak 11 isolat memiliki kekerabatan yang dekat dengan Enterococcus gallinarum, lima isolat memiliki kekerabatan yang dekat dengan Lactococcus garviae, dan masing-masing satu isolat memiliki kekerabatan yang dekat dengan Lactobacillus plantarum dan Weissella confusa. Beberapa isolat mempunyai ketahanan yang baik pada 0,2-0,6 mM deoksi kolat, jenis asam empedu sekunder utama pada saluran pencernaan manusia, sehingga BAL tersebut berpotensi dapat bertahan hidup pada saluran pencernaan manusia. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa spesies BAL yang dominan pada susu segar sapi bali mempunyai hubungan kekerabatan yang erat dengan P. acidilactici, E. gallinarum, Lac. garvieae, Lb. plantarum, dan W. confusa, serta berbeda dengan BAL yang umumnya terdapat pada susu sapi segar lainnya. Beberapa isolat potensial dikembangkan sebagai probiotik untuk meningkatkan kesehatan manusia. Kata-kata kunci : susu sapi bali, bakteri asam laktat, 16S rDNA, probiotik
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