This study was multiplicated by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) indigenous in corn with pots culture at the greenhouse. The research will be conducted from August 2019 to October 2019 in Greenhouse, Laboratory of Microbiology, Mataram University, Indonesia. This research aims to determine the influence of AMF in dry land and the application of fertilizer concentration. This research was conducted isolate exploration in four villages at the Pujut Central district, Lombok, Indonesia i.e. Mertak, Sukadana, Kuta, and Sengkol Village. This research is an experimental study with a completely randomized factorial design with two factors i.e the AMF isolate type and the concentration of Johnson’s nutrient solution. The first factor with the level without AMF Isolates, Isolate 1, Isolate 2, and Isolate 3. While the second factor is the Johnson nutrient concentration i.e 50 % and 75 % solution. The results showed that were differences in growth such as crop height and the number of leaves where Isolate 1, gave the highest growth and number of leaves. The identification was obtained the Isolate 1 showed highest spore’s density and root infections is Isolate 1 with a spherical shape.
Abstract. Rai IN, Suada IK, Proborini M, Wiraatmaja IW, Semenov M, Krasnov G. 2019. Indigenous endomycorrhizal fungi at salak (Salacca zalacca) plantations in Bali, Indonesia and their colonization of the roots. Biodiversitas 20: 2410-2416. Cultivation of snake fruit, commonly known as salak usually done organically on dry land with limited fertilizer in Bali. This research aimed to observe and to identify the indigenous endomycorrhizal fungi on salak roots. The exploration was carried out by collecting soil and root samples in salak producing areas in Bali, i.e. Bebandem and Selat of Karangasem Regency, Payangan of Gianyar, and Pupuan of Tabanan Regency. At each location, 9 random samples were taken, resulting in a total of 36 samples. Spore extraction was carried out using a wet filtration technique followed by centrifugation according to the method by Brunndrett et al. (2009). Morphological identification was carried out at the genus and species level using the Manual for Identification of Mycorrhiza Fungi for identifying Vesicular-Arbuscular-Mycorrhiza (VAM) fungi (Schenk and Perez, 1990), while molecular identification was carried out according to Tedersoo et al. (2014). The percentage of root infections was carried out using the coloring method with trypan blue. The results showed there were only two genera of endomycorrhizae (Glomus and Entrophospora) identified at the locations of study sites. The results also showed that samples from Bebandem and Selat regions had 3 Glomus species, Payangan had 3 Glomus species and 1 Entrophospora species, while in Pupuan had only 2 Glomus species. Identification results based on morphological characters showed that all species in the genus Glomus consisted of 3 species, namely Glomus sp-1, Glomus sp-2, and Glomus sp-3, while one species in the genus Entrophospora was Entrophospora sp. Genetic identification results based on the nucleotide arrangement showed that Glomus sp-1 concluded as Glomus cubence, Glomus sp-2 concluded as Glomus custos, and Glomus sp-3 concluded as Glomus indicum, while Entrophospora species concluded as Entrophospora_sp_SH197095.06FU. The average of root colonization/ infection was very high, reaching 93.33% in Bebandem and Selat, 95.00% in Pupuan, and 100% in Payangan. The very high root infection rates indicated that the indigenous endomycorrhiza found in these areas was very adaptive in salak plantation, so there is an opportunity to be developed as biofertilizers.
Endophytic fungi isolated from Antidesma bunius leaves were investigated in this study. Six fungal endophytes were identified as Penicillium steckii AAB-01, Nemania bipapillata AAB-02, Xylaria feejeensis AAB-03, Hypomontagnella monticulosa AAB-04, Daldinia eschscholtzii AAB-05, and Phyllosticta capitalensis AAB-06. All of the isolated endophytic fungi were subjected to fermentation on rice media, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. When tested for antibacterial activity, P. steckii AAB-01 extract showed the most potent inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228. Toxicity screening employing brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) revealed potential toxicity of P. steckii AAB-01 and X. feejeensis AAB-03 extracts. Further investigation showed P. steckii AAB-01 extract had the highest inhibition toward MCF-7 cells, while D. eschscholtzii AAB-05 extract revealed the strongest cytotoxicity against 4T1 cells. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis tentatively identified five compounds, where indole acetic acid, O-acetylharmol, and oxindole I were suggested as the major metabolites in P. steckii AAB-01 extract, while 6-hydroxymelatonin and 2-methyl-6pentadecylpyridine were suggested as the major metabolites in D. eschscholtzii AAB-05 extract. This is the first report on LC-MS/MS identification of the main metabolites from bioactive extracts of P. steckii AAB-01 and D. eschscholtzii AAB-05 isolated from the leaves of A. bunius, which might contribute to the antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of the extracts. Thus, a detailed investigation of antibacterial and cytotoxic metabolites from these endophytes merits further studies.
Cabai rawit (Capsicum annuum) merupakan komoditi pertanian yang digunakan dalam berbagai jenis produk makanan. Pemanfaatan pupuk anorganik berdampak buruk terhadap lingkungan sehingga diperlukan agen hayati, seperti Trichoderma viride dan fungi mikoriza arbuskula (FMA) untuk memperbaiki kondisi tanah. Tujuan penelitian ini mengobservasi pemberian kombinasi T. viride dan FMA Glomus sp. Terhadap produksi cabai rawit serta mengetahui dosis kombinasi optimum dalam meningkatkan produktivitas cabai rawit. Penelitian dilakukan di laboratorium Taksonomi Tumbuhan/Mikologi dan green house Program Studi Biologi, Fakultas MIPA, Universitas Udayana. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan lima perlakuan yaitu (A) tanah steril (Kontrol negatif); (B) tanah steril dan 50 spora Glomus sp.; (C) tanah steril dan 2 g pupuk anorganik CPN15-0-14 KNO3 Merah; (D) tanah steril, 5 mL T. viride dan 50 spora Glomus sp.; (E) tanah steril, 10 mL T. viride dan 50 spora Glomus sp. Setiap perlakuan memiliki lima ulangan yang terdiri dari tiga unit tanaman. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap tinggi tanaman, jumlah buah, berat basah dan berat kering buah, berat kering tajuk, berat kering akar dan infeksi FMA. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan pupuk anorganik menghasilkan nilai tertinggi pada hampir seluruh parameter yang diamati kecuali pada persentase kolonisasi FMA. Perlakuan E menunjukkan hasil yang lebih optimum dalam produksi cabai rawit meski belum mampu menandingi pupuk anorganik.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi mikroba yang terdapat pada daerah rhizosfer tanaman stroberi (Fragaria x ananassa Dutch.) yang dibudidayakan di kawasan Pancasari, Bedugul Bali. Jenis penelitian ini termasuk deskriptif eksploratif yang dilakukan pada bulan April sampai bulan Juli 2018. Sampel tanah diambil pada bagian rhizosfer tanaman stroberi dan mikroba yang terdapat didalamnya diisolasi dengan metoda pengenceran dan sebar, dimurnikan dan diidentifikasi di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Pangan FTP Universitas Udayana. Karakteristik penting mikroba yang diamati dibandingkan dengan yang tertera pada buku referensi Bergey’s Manual of Determine Bacteriology 9th Edition (Holt et al., 1994) untuk isolat bakteri dan buku kunci identifikasi jamur (Barnett and Hunter, 1972; dan Pitt and Hocking, 2009). Mikroba yang berhasil diisolasi dan diidentifikasi pada penelitian ini adalah jamur-jamur Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum sp., dan bakteri-bakteri Pseudomonas sp. dan Bacillus sp. . Kata Kunci: rhizosfer, stroberi, mikroba.
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