The scintillation indices of optical plane and spherical waves propagating in underwater turbulent media are evaluated by using the Rytov method, and the variations in the scintillation indices are investigated when the rate of dissipation of mean squared temperature, the temperature and salinity fluctuations, the propagation distance, the wavelength, the Kolmogorov microscale length, and the rate of dissipation of the turbulent kinetic energy are varied. Results show that as in the atmosphere, also in underwater media the plane wave is more affected by turbulence as compared to the spherical wave. The underwater turbulence effect becomes significant at 5-10 m for a plane wave and at 20-25 m for a spherical wave. The turbulence effect is relatively small in deep water and is large at the surface of the water. Salinity-induced turbulence strongly dominates the scintillations compared to temperature-induced turbulence.
Effect of anisotropy on the average bit error rate (BER) is investigated when an asymmetrical Gaussian beam is propagated in an anisotropic turbulent ocean. BER is found to decrease in response to an increase in anisotropy levels in the x and y directions. Higher average signal-to-noise ratio, wavelength, and microscale length yield smaller BER values. BER starts to rise with an increase in the asymmetrical beam source size in the x and y directions, source size ratio in the x and y directions, salinity and temperature contribution factor, the dissipation of the mean squared temperature, and the propagation distance. At the fixed source size ratio in the x and y directions of the asymmetrical beam source size, larger source sizes increase BER. An anisotropic turbulent ocean seems to exhibit better BER values as compared with an isotropic turbulent ocean.
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