Scintillations of optical plane and spherical waves in underwater turbulence

Abstract

The scintillation indices of optical plane and spherical waves propagating in underwater turbulent media are evaluated by using the Rytov method, and the variations in the scintillation indices are investigated when the rate of dissipation of mean squared temperature, the temperature and salinity fluctuations, the propagation distance, the wavelength, the Kolmogorov microscale length, and the rate of dissipation of the turbulent kinetic energy are varied. Results show that as in the atmosphere, also in underwater media the plane wave is more affected by turbulence as compared to the spherical wave. The underwater turbulence effect becomes significant at 5-10 m for a plane wave and at 20-25 m for a spherical wave. The turbulence effect is relatively small in deep water and is large at the surface of the water. Salinity-induced turbulence strongly dominates the scintillations compared to temperature-induced turbulence.

Underwater optical wireless communications, networking, and localization: A survey

“…In [125], the average speed of moving oceanic turbulence has been shown to have a major impact on the temporal correlation of the irradiance whereas the link distance has minor effects. Using the Rytov method, scintillation indices of different optical waves was evaluated in turbulent aquatic medium [126].…”

Ber of Annular Beams in Weak Oceanic Turbulence

“…The propagation of various kind of laser beams used in wireless optical links in underwater channels will cause intensity fluctuations, also affect the performance of optical communication link (Kumar et al, 2011;Lu et al, 2006;Korotkova et al, 2012;Baykal, 2015;Yousefi et al, 2015;Yi et al, 2015;Gökçe et al, 2016;Baykal, 2016;Cheng et al, 2016;Peng et al, 2017;Nikishov and Nikishov, 2000;Gerçekcioglu, 2014;Ata and Baykal, 2014). Especially, the scintillation indices of optical plane and spherical and Gaussian beams propagating in underwater turbulent media are researched by using the Rytov method (Gerçekcioglu, 2014;Ata and Baykal, 2014).…”

“…Especially, the scintillation indices of optical plane and spherical and Gaussian beams propagating in underwater turbulent media are researched by using the Rytov method (Gerçekcioglu, 2014;Ata and Baykal, 2014).…”

Changes of skewness and sharpness of partially coherent decentered annular beams on propagation

“…And then after that, several studies on light propagation through oceanic turbulence were carried out. For example, Lu et al studied the influence of Contents lists available at ScienceDirect journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/optcom temperature and salinity fluctuations on propagation behavior of partially coherent beams in oceanic turbulence [18], Korotkova et al examined the effect of oceanic turbulence on polarization and spectral changes of stochastic beams [19,20], Zhao et al investigated the propagation of radially polarized beams and stochastic electromagnetic vortex beams through oceanic turbulence [21,22], Baykal et al studied scintillations of optical plane and spherical waves and multimode laser beams in underwater turbulence [23,24], Zhang et al examined the evolution behavior of Gaussian Schell-model vortex beams propagating through oceanic turbulence [25], and we studied the influence of oceanic turbulence on propagation characteristics of Gaussian array beams [26]. However, the beam characteristics of third-order and fourth-order moments on propagation in oceanic turbulence haven't been examined until now.…”