Objective:The objective was to assess the utility of gray-scale USG to identify patterns of thyroid nodules and to correlate the characteristics of benign and malignant nodules with pathological diagnosis.Materials and Methods:From September 2009 to August 2010, a total of 203 patients (17 males and 186 females), with 240 nodules detected at USG, were included in this study. The characteristics of each nodule were determined. The results were then compared with fine needle aspiration (FNA)/histopathological diagnosis.Results:Of the 240 nodules examined, 44 (18.33%) were found to be malignant on cytopathology. The malignant nodules demonstrated solid or predominantly solid composition (sensitivity 88.6%, specificity 53.5%); presence of microcalcification (sensitivity 65.9%, specificity 97.9%); irregular or poorly defined margins (sensitivity 84%, specificity 88.7%); anteroposterior (AP) diameter > transverse diameter (sensitivity 77.2%, specificity 80.1%); absent or thick incomplete halo (sensitivity 70.4%, specificity 65.8%); and markedly hypoechoic character (sensitivity 65.9%, specificity 84.6%). Among males, malignant nodules were found in 36.8%, whereas in females the occurrence was 16.7%.Conclusion:Gray-scale USG features of thyroid nodules are useful to distinguish patients with clinically significant thyroid nodules from those with innocuous nodules despite the overlap of findings. From our study, it is apparent that the USG findings of poorly defined margins, marked hypoechogenicity, microcalcifications, and a taller-than-wider shape have a high diagnostic accuracy for identifying malignant thyroid nodules.
Introduction:11C-methonine ([11C]-MET) positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) is a well-established technique for evaluation of tumor for diagnosis and treatment planning in neurooncology. [11C]-MET reflects amino acid transport and has been shown to be more sensitive than magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in stereotactic biopsy planning. This study compared fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET-CT and MET PET-CT in the detection of various brain tumors.Materials and Methods:Sixty-four subjects of brain tumor treated by surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiotherapy were subjected to [18F]-FDG, [11C]-MET, and MRI scan. The lesion was analyzed semiquantitatively using tumor to normal contralateral ratio. The diagnosis was confirmed by surgery, stereotactic biopsy, clinical follow-up, MRI, or CT scans.Results:Tumor recurrence was found in 5 out of 22 patients on [F-18] FDG scan while [11C]-MET was able to detect recurrence in 18 out of 22 patients in low-grade gliomas. Two of these patients were false positive for the presence of recurrence of tumor and later found to be harboring necrosis. Among oligodendroglioma, medulloblastoma and high-grade glioma out of 42 patients 39 were found to be concordant MET and FDG scans. On semiquantitative analysis, mean T/NT ratio was found to be 2.96 ± 0.94 for lesions positive for recurrence of tumors and 1.18 ± 0.74 for lesions negative for recurrence of tumor on [11C]-MET scan. While the ratio for FDG scan on semiquantitative analysis was found to be 2.05 ± 1.04 for lesions positive for recurrence of tumors and 0.52 ± 0.15 for lesions negative for recurrence of tumors.Conclusion:The study highlight that [11C]-MET is superior to [18F]-FDG PET scans to detect recurrence in low-grade glioma. A cut-off value of target to nontarget value of 1.47 is a useful parameter to distinguish benign from malignant lesion on an [11C]-MET Scan. Both [18F]-FDG and [11C]-MET scans were found to be useful in high-grade astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, and medulloblastoma.
The SOR method is already known to be a good diagnostic tool to differentiate between IPD patients and the normal population. SOR, however, fails to distinguish IPD from APD patients, and hence the RSOR of the caudate and posterior putamen can be utilized to differentiate between them.
Background:A variety of neurodegenerative disorders produce significant abnormal brain function which can be detected using fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) scan even when structural changes are not detected on CT or MRI Scan. A study was undertaken at our institute to evaluate the FDG PET/CT findings in Indian population suffering from mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer's disease (AD), fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), dementia with lewy body disease (DLBD) and other miscellaneous causes of dementia.Materials and Methods:117 subjects having neurocognitive deficits and 36 normals were included in our study. All patients underwent a detailed history and clinical examination. This was followed by a mini mental state examination. Subsequently an FDG brain PET scan and an MRI were done.Results:In the patient population included in our study group 36 were normal, 39 had MCI, 40 had AD, 14 had FTD, and 13 had DLBD and 11 dementia due to other miscellaneous causes. MCI patients showed primarily reduced tracer uptake in the mesio-temporal cortex. AD patients showed reduced tracer concentration in temporo-parietal lobes, while patients with advanced diseases showed frontal lobe disease additionally. In subjects of FTD, reduced radiotracer uptake in the fronto-temporal lobes was noted. In addition, FTD patients also showed basal ganglia defects. In contrast the DLBD patients showed globally reduced FDG uptake including severely affecting the occipital cortices.Conclusion:In the current study the F18-FDG PET scans have been shown to be highly useful in the diagnosis of various neurocognitive disorders of the brain. AD was found to be the most common dementia in the Indian population followed by MCI. Diffuse Lewy body disease, FTD and other miscellaneous categories of dementia had a near similar incidence.
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