The mammalian pancreas is a gland of a mixed type of secretion. Its composition morphologically distinguishes two parts that perform different functions – exocrine and endocrine. In many diseases, there are pronounced disturbances in their work, which has a significant impact on the state of the body. Literature data concerning the microscopic organization of pancreatic tissues do not allow us to recreate a complete picture of its architectonics. The latter is necessary for understanding the physiological processes occurring in the body of animals and predicting the outcome of diseases associated with the defeat of this organ. Considering the above, we set a goal – to establish the features of the microstructural organization of the pancreas in a domestic pig. Pancreatic tissue samples obtained from five sexually mature meat-fed pigs at the age of eight months, during slaughter, were used for the research. The selected material was subjected to fixation in a 10.0% solution of neutral formalin during the day. Further processing of the selected samples in order to obtain histological sections of tissues was carried out according to generally accepted methods. based on histomorphological studies, it was found that the pancreas of a domestic pig by the type of its structure belongs to parenchymal organs, and by the type of its structural organization to complex alveolar-tubular glands. Two closely interacting parts were found in its composition. The first of them – exocrine – is represented by pancreatic acinuses and a system of excretory ducts. The second is endocrine – pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans). At the same time, the exocrine part occupies a larger volume of the parenchyma of the organ, in comparison with the endocrine. Both of the above parts have clear morphological differences.
During the dry period, the udder tissues are renewed, which is necessary for subsequent lactation. According to many researchers, this period is the most favorable for the treatment and prevention of mastitis. The literature data concerning the microscopic organization of breast tissues in the dry period are sketchy and do not allow us to recreate a complete picture of its architectonics, which is necessary for understanding the physiological processes of lactation, as well as the competent organization of treatment and prevention of mastitis. Taking into account the above, we set a goal – to establish the features of the microstructural organization of the mammary gland of black-and-white cows in the dry period. For the study, udder tissue samples obtained by biopsy were used from five black-and-white cows located in the middle of the dry period. The material was fixed in a 10.0% solution of neutral formalin. Its further processing was carried out according to generally accepted methods. It was found that the mammary gland of the studied animals is an exocrine gland consisting of stroma and parenchyma. The stroma divides the organ into lobules and is represented by connective tissue. In its composition, neurovascular bundles are distinguishable, as well as milk channels, which are links of the ductal system of the gland. The lobules of the organ are filled with adipose tissue replacing glandular tissue, which is the result of post-lactation physiological involution. Also, non-functioning milk alveoli lined with a single layer of cubic lactocytes with no signs of secretory activity are detected in the lobules.
The aim of the study was to establish the features of the histological organization of pancreatic tissues on the example of a domestic bull. For its implementation, pancreatic tissue samples of five sexually mature one-year-old cows of a black-and-white breed obtained by biopsy were used. The selected material was fixed in a 10.0% solution of neutral formalin for a day, after which it was poured into paraffin according to the generally accepted method. Histological sections were made from the obtained blocks, which were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, according to Van Gieson and trichrome according to Mosson. It has been established that the studied organ in the studied animals belongs to complex alveolartubular glands. From the outside, it is covered with a delicate connective tissue capsule, giving rise to connective tissue strands (trabeculae) passing between its lobules. Vascular elements, nerve trunks and excretory ducts are identified as part of these structures. The gland itself, in accordance with its function, includes two parts – endocrine and exocrine. The terminal sections of its exocrine part are represented by pancreatic acinuses. As part of the latter, two departments can be distinguished - secretory (formed by serous endocrinocytes) and ductal (formed by epithelial cells (centroacinous) of the initial sections of the insertion excretory ducts). The secretory department of the acinus includes from seven to eleven cells having a pyramidal shape. They contain one welldeveloped basophilic rounded nucleus, and two zones are revealed in their cytoplasm. The basal – homogeneous – zone has a basophilic color and is located in the basal part of the cell. The apical – zymogenic (apical) zone contains secret granules and is colored oxyphilically. The endocrine part of the gland is represented by pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) formed by strands of closely interconnected endocrine cells (isulocytes) surrounded by abundant capillary loops forming branched networks inside the islet. Insulocytes are small cells having a polygonal shape with a poorly defined border. In their composition, one rounded or oval nucleus is revealed, containing evenly distributed small-smiley chromatin.
The study of the musculoskeletal system in the morphology of animals, and in particular the topography and functional significance of muscles, is an urgent area among Russian morphologists. Detailed knowledge of the structure, architectonics and function of the somatic musculature greatly simplifies the work of veterinary surgeons, physiotherapists and imaging doctors. The Bastard fox is a member of the canine family and is of particular interest to fur farms because of its valuable fur color. Also, this breed of foxes is popular in private farms, where wild animals are domesticated. In connection with the above, the purpose of our study was to study the anatomical and topographic features of the structure of the muscles of the shoulder girdle of the Bastard fox.Five corpses of Bastard foxes aged from three to five years, obtained from forced euthanasia from private farms and clinics in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region, were used as dated material. The study took place at the Department of Animal Anatomy of the St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine. Traditional anatomical methods such as fine anatomical preparation, weighing and morphometry were used as research methods.According to the results of the study, we found that the muscles of the shoulder girdle of the Bastard fox have a characteristic structure characteristic of carnivores, but at the same time it has a number of individual characteristics.
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