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The present study was carried out to observe the presence of Salmonella in milk and milk products. The investigation of 210 samples revealed presence of 7.61% Salmonella spp. with higher prevalence in raw milk and dahi - 11.9% each , followed by ice-cream -9.52% and khoa - 4.76%. None of the sample of flavored milk showed Salmonella. In molecular study, 5 (31.2%) isolates were found positive for invA gene. The gene was present in raw milk - 18.75% and 6.25% in khoa and ice-cream each. Salmonella isolates were found sensitive to netillin - 100%, ofloxacin - 87.5%, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid – (62.5% each), streptomycin and amikacin – (56.2% each). The isolates were resistant to nitrofurantoin- 81.2%, tetracycline -75.0%, co-trimoxazole - 68.7%, ampicilline - 56.2% and cefotaxime - 50.0%. The observation displayed unhygienic atmosphere prevailing during production of dairy products which lead to contamination of Salmonella and thus may cause public health problem to the consumers.

Aim:To study the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance due to extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in samples collected from the ceca of healthy broilers of poultry sale outlets (PSOs) Jabalpur.Materials and Methods:A total of 400 cecal swab samples were taken randomly from freshly slaughtered poultry of 39 PSOs located at four different zones or areas of Jabalpur and were screened for the presence of ESBL-producing E. coli using standard methods. Further they were characterized phenotypically by standard methods.Results:All the 400 samples were screened for E. coli producing ESBL enzyme. Among the samples positive for E. coli 135 were positive for ESBL E. coli giving an overall prevalence of 33.5%.Conclusion:This study related to the prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli in healthy broilers in Jabalpur is indicative of antibiotic resistance prevalent in the healthy birds which are used for human consumption as well. It also signifies resistance prevalent against beta-lactam antibiotics including third and fourth generations of cephalosporins.

The present study was undertaken to determine the residues of norfloxacin in muscle, liver and kidney of broiler chicken. On the basis of surveillance study, commonly used antibiotic norfloxacin was selected for quantifying the concentration in broiler chicken meat samples. The HPLC system was equipped with photodiode array and C18 hypersil column. The mobile phase consisting of 1 ml Ortho phosphoric acid (85 per cent v/v), 100 ml water HPLC grade with acitonitrile HPLC grade, 87:12 (v/v) then pH was adjusted to 2.0 with triethylamine HPLC Grade. The results indicated that out of 180 samples analysed, 3 liver samples of target stations, viz. T3, T6 and T10 were found positive for norfloxacin residues with concentrations of 2.00, 2.60 and 2.31 µg/kg, respectively. Samples collected from other target stations did not show residual concentration of norfloxacin in muscle, liver and kidney samples.

We investigated the subchronic immunotoxicity of the phosphoramidothioate organophosphorous insecticide, acephate in white leghorn cockerels (WLH). The cockerels were divided into five groups; C1 (plain control), C2 (vehicle control), T1, T2, and T3 which received acephate suspended groundnut oil for 60 days at doses of 21.3, 28.4 and 42.6 mgkg− 1respectively. The live body weight gain, absolute and relative weights of the spleen, thymus, and bursa of Fabricius, hemoglobin (Hb), total erythrocyte counts (TEC), packed cell volume (PCV) and lymphocytes were significantly decreased. However, monocytes, eosinophils, heterophils, and basophils were significantly increased. Total protein, albumin and albumin to globin ratio, the antibody response to RD-F and delayed-type hypersensitivity response to DNCB dye or PHA-P, erythrocyte and brain Acetylcholinesterase activity was also significantly reduced in T2 and T3. At 40 and 60 days of acephate exposure, nitrate and nitric oxide production by RD-F and mitogen Con A stimulated peripheral blood and splenic lymphocytes, as well as lymphocyte proliferation in response to antigen RD-F and mitogen Con A stimulation, were significantly decreased in groups T2 and T3. Furthermore, dose-dependent increases in the frequency of micronuclei formation, varying intensity serum protein bands with different protein fractions (14.85KDa), and splenic DNA laddering (180 bp) were observed in groups T2 and T3. Histopathologically, the spleen and bursa showed morphological changes and mild lymphocyte depletion. In conclusion, low-level acephate exposure may affect acetylcholinesterase, lymphocytes, and immune responses in cockerels. As a result, it should be considered when assessing immunotoxicity and the risk to human and animal health.