The varied reactions of the host to infection, inflammation, or trauma are collectively known as the acute-phase response and encompass a wide range of pathophysiological responses such as pyrexia, leukocytosis, hormone alterations, and muscle protein depletion combining to minimize tissue damage while enhancing the repair process. The mechanism for stimulation of hepatic production of acute-phase proteins is by proinflammatory cytokines. The functions of positive acute-phase proteins (APP) are regarded as important in optimization and trapping of microorganism and their products, in activating the complement system, in binding cellular remnants like nuclear fractions, in neutralizing enzymes, scavenging free hemoglobin and radicals, and in modulating the host’s immune response. APP can be used as diagnostic tool in many diseases like bovine respiratory syncytial virus, prostate cancer, bronchopneumonia, multiple myeloma, mastitis, Streptococcus suis infection, starvation, or lymphatic neoplasia. Thus, acute-phase proteins may provide an alternative means of monitoring animal health.

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Aim:To study the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance due to extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in samples collected from the ceca of healthy broilers of poultry sale outlets (PSOs) Jabalpur.Materials and Methods:A total of 400 cecal swab samples were taken randomly from freshly slaughtered poultry of 39 PSOs located at four different zones or areas of Jabalpur and were screened for the presence of ESBL-producing E. coli using standard methods. Further they were characterized phenotypically by standard methods.Results:All the 400 samples were screened for E. coli producing ESBL enzyme. Among the samples positive for E. coli 135 were positive for ESBL E. coli giving an overall prevalence of 33.5%.Conclusion:This study related to the prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli in healthy broilers in Jabalpur is indicative of antibiotic resistance prevalent in the healthy birds which are used for human consumption as well. It also signifies resistance prevalent against beta-lactam antibiotics including third and fourth generations of cephalosporins.

OBJECTIVE:The inhibitory potential and percent inhibition of Syzygium aromaticum oil and fresh juice of Ocimum sanctum leaves on beta-lactamase enzyme of cecal samples of healthy broilers were studied on samples phenotypically positive for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Four hundred cecal samples screened for ESBL-producing E. coli were collected from 38 poultry sale outlets located in Jabalpur. The effect of S. aromaticum oil and O. sanctum leaves was seen by colorimetric assay with CENTA and Nitrocefin as chromogenic substrate.RESULTS:Mean absorbance value was inversely propotional to the inhibitory potential. Syzigium aromaticum exhibited 0.4±0.02 and 0.41±0.03 mean absorbance value, 28 per cent and 27 per cent of inhibition with CENTA and Nitrocefin respectively. Ocimum sanctum mean absorbance value and per cent inhibition with CENTA and Nitrocefin was 2.03±0.02 and 10.0 ; 1.97±0.06 and 10.0 respectively (p>0.05) showing non- significant difference in CENTA and Nitrocefin activity. Tazobactum (100 μM) as standard control exhibited a mean absorbance value of 0.12 ± 0.01 and 0.13 ± 0.01 and percent inhibition of 99.88 and 98 against CENTA and Nitrocefin, respectively. Combination of Ocimum sanctum and Syzigium aromaticum showed range of 1.69±0.05 to 1.90±0.08 1.61±0.06 to 1.92±0.08 of absorbance value with per cent inhibition of 14 to 15.9 with CENTA and Nitrocefin respectively.CONCLUSION:The results depicted that the inhibition of beta-lactamase enzyme activity with S. aromaticum oil was higher than that of O. sanctum leaf juice, and combination of both the herbs showed not much difference in activity.

Background: The current study was conducted at the department of veterinary pharmacology and toxicology to assess the impact of Emblica officinalis on oxidative stress produced by sub-acute enrofloxacin exposure in albino rats. Methodology: Albino rats weighing 200-300 gram were given enrofloxacin and Emblica officinalis orally through gavage needle, and blood samples were taken via capillary tube on the 28th day of the experiment and analysed using laboratory procedures. Result: Sub-acute treatment of Enrofloxacin at doses of 5 mg/kg b.wt. and 10 mg/kg b.wt. generated oxidative stress in rats, as evidenced by substantial changes in oxidative parameters, and affected liver and kidney functions, as seen by changes in biochemical markers of liver and kidney function. Emblica officinalis aqueous extract (200 mg/kg b. wt.) effectively reduces oxidative stress and changes in hepatic and renal function caused by enrofloxacin. Conclusion: Emblica officinalis (Amla) has antioxidant properties and the ability to reduce oxidative stress caused by enrofloxacin in albino rats following subacute treatment.

Background: Bacterial resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics has risen dramatically in Escherichia coli from poultry and other food animals due to the production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase enzyme (ESBLs) which degrades third generation cephalosporins.Herbs could be a better alternative for such cases. Methods: Present study was undertaken on 400 caecal samples of healthy broilers, collected from various poultry sale outlets of Jabalpur (M.P.). Samples were screened phenotypically and genotypically for the presence of extended spectrum beta lactamase producing E. coli. Inhibitory effect of fruit peel juice of Punica granatum and Syzigium aromaticum oil observed on the Beta lactamase enzyme obtained from these positive samples by colorimetric method using CENTA and NITROCEFIN as chromogenic substrate.Result: Phenotypically 135 samples/isolates were ESBL producing E.coli. On multiplex PCR assay 76 positive samples with bla TEM, blaCTX and bla SHV, gene was obtained. Oil of Syzygium aromaticum showed maximium per cent inhibition, Punica granatum depicted lower per cent inhibition with CENTA and NITROCEFIN respectively. Combination of both herbs showed increased inhibition. Tazobactum, (100µM) taken as the standard control exhibited 99.88 and 98 per cent inhibition of ESBL enzyme.

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Background: The present study was performed to evaluate Alterations in biochemical markers of liver and kidney function and oxidative stress indices on sub-acute exposure of enrofloxacin in albino rats. Methods: Albino rat weighing 200-300 gm were treated with enrofloxacin orally with the help of gavage needle and devided into three groups each group consist six rats. The rats of group I were served as control. However, rats of group II and III were treated with enrofloxacin @ 5 mg/kg b.wt., enrofloxacin @ 10 mg/kg b.wt. respectively. All the groups received medication orally, once daily for 28 days and blood samples were collected on the 28 day of experiment by the help of capillary tube and processed by laboratory methods. Result: Enrofloxacin altered the functions of liver and kidney as indicated by the alteration in the biochemical markers of liver and kidney function. Enrofloxacin significantly enhanced the concentration of biochemical markers of liver function viz. ALT, AST, GGT, ALP, albumin and bilirubin as compared to control. The concentration of biochemical markers of kidney function viz. BUN and creatinine was significantly enhanced after enrofloxacin administration as compared to control. Enrofloxacin administration induced oxidative stress in rats as indicated by significant decrease in concentration of catalase, superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione in blood as compared to control. However, lipid peroxidation was significantly enhanced as indicated by increased level of MDA in blood as compared to controlConclusion: Thus, enrofloxacin have ability to altered the biochemical markers of liver and kidney and also have potency to induced oxidative stress in albino rats after the sub-acute exposure for 28 days.