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Early adequate MPA exposure in renal transplant recipients can be achieved with a higher starting dose. In addition, a SD regimen was as well-tolerated as a LD regimen. Furthermore, early adequate MPA exposure significantly lowered the rate of acute rejection without compromising safety and tolerability.

Simulation of positive streamer evolution is important for understanding the microscopic physical process in discharges. Simulations described in this paper are done using a 3D Particle-In-Cell, Monte-Carlo-Collision code with photoionization. Three phases of a positive streamer evolution, identified as initiation, propagation, and branching are studied during simulations. A homogeneous electric field is applied between parallel-flat electrodes forming a millimeter air gap to make simulations and analysis more simple and general. Free electrons created by the photoionization process determine initiation, propagation, and branching of the streamers. Electron avalanches form a positive streamer tip, when the space charge of ions at the positive tip dominates the local electric field. The propagation of the positive tip toward a cathode is the result of combinations of the positive tip and secondary avalanches ahead of it. A curved feather-like channel is formed without obvious branches when the electric field between electrodes is 50 kV/cm. However, a channel is formed with obvious branches when the electric field increases up to 60 kV/cm. In contrast to the branches around a sharp needle electrode, branches near the flat anode are formed at a certain distance away from it. Simulated parameters of the streamer such as diameter, maximum electric field, propagation velocity, and electron density at the streamer tip are in a good agreement with those published earlier.

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These results show that low expose CsA with standard dosing of EC-MPS and thymoglobulin was efficacious, safe and well-tolerated in DCD renal transplant recipients with DGF in China. Furthermore, stable and adequate MPA exposure helped to reduce the dose of and exposure to CsA. Thus, this may lead to less-induced nephrotoxicity and better renal function recovery.

Higher sustained virological response (SVR) rates after treating with peginterferon than after treating with interferon have been obtained in some randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). However, the numbers of patients included in these clinical trials were too small to draw a clear conclusion. Therefore, a new meta-analysis including a large number of patients was needed to compare peginterferon with interferon in the treatment of Chinese CHC patients. A search of Medline, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, the Wanfang Database, and the China Biomedical Database for relevant articles published between 1966 and 2009 was performed. RCTs comparing the use of peginterferon and interferon for the treatment of Chinese patients with CHC were assessed. Of the 236 studies screened, 18 RCTs including 1,148 patients (659 treated with peginterferon therapy and 489 treated with interferon therapy) were analyzed. The total SVR rates obtained in patients treated with peginterferon were significantly higher than those obtained in patients treated with interferon (64% vs. 40%; relative risk, 1.56; 95% confidence interval: 1.28-1.91; p < 0.01), but the difference between the peginterferon α-2b and interferon α-2b treatments was not significant. Withdrawal rates were similar between patients treated with peginterferon and interferon. Chinese patients with CHC have a greater likelihood of achieving an SVR with peginterferon α-2a.