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A review on Terahertz end-to-end systems with an emphasis on integrated approaches is presented. Four major catalogs of THz integrated systems, including THz communication systems, THz imaging systems, THz radars, and THz spectroscopy systems, are reviewed in this article. The performance of integrated systems is compared with non-integrated solutions, followed by a discussion on the trend in future research avenues and applications.

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Origami is the art of paper folding that allows a single flat piece of paper to assume different 3D shapes depending on the fold patterns and the sequence of folding. Using the principles of origami along with computation imaging technique the authors demonstrate a versatile shape‐morphing microwave imaging array with reconfigurable field‐of‐view and scene‐adaptive imaging capability. Microwave/millimeter‐wave based array imaging systems are expected to be the workhorse for sensory perception of future autonomous intelligent systems. The imaging capability of a planar array‐based systems operating in complex scattering conditions have limited field‐of‐view and lack the ability to adaptively reconfigure resolution. To overcome this, here, deviations from planarity and isometry are allowed, and a shape‐morphing computational imaging system is demonstrated. Implemented on a reconfigurable Waterbomb origami surface with 22 active metasurface panels that radiate near‐orthogonal modes across 17–27 GHz, capability to image complex 3D objects in full details minimizing the effects of specular reflections in diffraction‐limited sparse imaging with scene adaptability, reconfigurable cross‐range resolution, and field‐of‐view is demonstrated. Such electromagnetic origami surfaces, through simultaneous surface shape‐morphing ability (potentially with shape‐shifting electronic materials) and electromagnetic field programmability, opens up new avenues for intelligent and robust sensing and imaging systems for a wide range of applications.

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This paper introduces a new design methodology for incorporating process-sensitive optical nanostructures in standard CMOS processes to create robust optical physically unclonable functions (PUFs) realized through an electricalphotonic co-design approach. The passive lithographic variations of lower level metal interconnects are exploited to realize resonant photonic crystals on an array of photodetectors to include variations that are robust to noise processes. The chip is realized in a standard 65-nm CMOS process with no additional post-processing. The addition of the structures increases the coefficient of variation by a factor of 3.5× compared to only active device variations. This creates extremely robust PUF responses with a native inter-chip Hamming distance (HD) of 49.81% and intra-chip HD of 0.251% with an inter-HD/ intra-HD ratio of 198× illustrating the reliability of the design. The native intra-HD can be reduced to 0.06% with 17 mV of thresholding with only 4% of the total combinations discarded. To the best our knowledge, this is also the first demonstration of photonic crystals and an optical PUF in CMOS.

In this article, we propose and demonstrate a spectrum-to-space mapping principle for localizing multiple wireless nodes in a simultaneous and single-shot fashion at terahertz (THz) frequencies. Spectrum-to-space mapping is achieved through two dual-port chip integrated waveguide (CIW)-based leaky-wave antennas (LWAs). Interfacing with the two LWAs, we integrate two transmitting and receiving chains operating between 360-and 400-GHz range in a single chip realized in a 65-nm bulk CMOS process. Utilizing the carefully engineered dispersive nature of the LWA and its frequency-dependent radiation patterns, we create unique spectrum-to-space calibration maps for both 1-D and 2-D angular localizations. The measured one-shot localization error variance is less than 1 • in 1-D space with 200-Hz-resolution bandwidth (BW) and less than 2 • in 2-D space for a 20-Hz-resolution BW. The high-resolution nature of the localization principle in a single-shot fashion makes this approach attractive for multi-wireless node localization, link discovery, beam-forming, beam-management, and beamoptimization methods.

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