Pharmacology and optogenetics are widely used in neuroscience research to study the central and peripheral nervous systems. While both approaches allow for sophisticated studies of neural circuitry, continued advances are, in part, hampered by technology limitations associated with requirements for physical tethers that connect external equipment to rigid probes inserted into delicate regions of the brain. The results can lead to tissue damage and alterations in behavioral tasks and natural movements, with additional difficulties in use for studies that involve social interactions and/or motions in complex 3-dimensional environments. These disadvantages are particularly pronounced in research that demands combined optogenetic and pharmacological functions in a single experiment. Here, we present a lightweight, wireless, battery-free injectable microsystem that combines soft microfluidic and microscale inorganic light-emitting diode probes for programmable pharmacology and optogenetics, designed to offer the features of drug refillability and adjustable flow rates, together with programmable control over the temporal profiles. The technology has potential for large-scale manufacturing and broad distribution to the neuroscience community, with capabilities in targeting specific neuronal populations in freely moving animals. In addition, the same platform can easily be adapted for a wide range of other types of passive or active electronic functions, including electrical stimulation.

expand the range of accessible 3D geometries. [5-8] Due to their shape-adaptive nature, origami and kirigami, originally applied only to paper, can serve as routes to large-scale structural systems that require packaging and deployment, such as foldable solar panels, [9,10] retractable roofs, [11] deployable sunshields, [12] and many others. [13] More recent work demonstrates that these and related methods for assembling planar materials into complex 3D structures can exploit sophisticated 2D fabrication technologies and thin film materials from the electronics/optoelectronics industries, to yield functional systems in 3D designs that were previously unachievable. [14-18] In this way, the techniques of origami/kirigami can enable many classes of nontraditional devices not only at the macroscale but also at the micro/ nanoscale, with the potential to open up opportunities for unusual engineering designs in microsystems technologies. [19-22] Much research in origami/kirigami assembly aims to extend the range of length scales and the scope of functional materials that can be realized in 3D systems, and to transfer those ideas and Origami and kirigami, the ancient techniques for making paper works of art, also provide inspiration for routes to structural platforms in engineering applications, including foldable solar panels, retractable roofs, deployable sunshields, and many others. Recent work demonstrates the utility of the methods of origami/kirigami and conceptually related schemes in cutting, folding, and buckling in the construction of devices for emerging classes of technologies, with examples in mechanical/optical metamaterials, stretchable/ conformable electronics, micro/nanoscale biosensors, and large-amplitude actuators. Specific notable progress is in the deployment of functional materials such as single-crystal silicon, shape memory polymers, energy-storage materials, and graphene into elaborate 3D micro and nanoscale architectures. This review highlights some of the most important developments in this field, with a focus on routes to assembly that apply across a range of length scales and with advanced materials of relevance to practical applications. Hall of Fame Article The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under

Sensors that reproduce the complex characteristics of cutaneous receptors in the skin have important potential in the context of artificial systems for controlled interactions with the physical environment. Multimodal responses with high sensitivity and wide dynamic range are essential for many such applications. This report introduces a simple, three-dimensional type of microelectromechanical sensor that incorporates monocrystalline silicon nanomembranes as piezoresistive elements in a configuration that enables separate, simultaneous measurements of multiple mechanical stimuli, such as normal force, shear force, and bending, along with temperature. The technology provides high sensitivity measurements with millisecond response times, as supported by quantitative simulations. The fabrication and assembly processes allow scalable production of interconnected arrays of such devices with capabilities in spatiotemporal mapping. Integration with wireless data recording and transmission electronics allows operation with standard consumer devices.

Complex 3D functional architectures are of widespread interest due to their potential applications in biomedical devices, [1][2][3][4][5] metamaterials, [6][7][8][9][10] energy storage and conversion platforms, [11][12][13][14][15][16] and electronics systems. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Although existing fabrication techniques such as 3D printing, [4,14,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] templated growth, [33][34][35][36] and controlled folding [2,[37][38][39][40][41][42][43] can serve as powerful routes to diverse classes of 3D structures that address requirements in a number of interesting technologies, each has some set of limitations in materials compatibility, accessible feature sizes, and compatibility with well-developed 2D processing techniques used in the semiconductor and photonics industries. [44][45][46] Despite significant efforts in research and development, there remains a need for methods that provide access to complex 3D mesostructures that incorporate high-performance materials.Capabilities for controlled formation of sophisticated 3D micro/nanostructures in advanced materials have foundational implications across a broad range of fields. Recently developed methods use stress release in prestrained elastomeric substrates as a driving force for assembling 3D structures and functional microdevices from 2D precursors. A limitation of this approach is that releasing these structures from their substrate returns them to their original 2D layouts due to the elastic recovery of the constituent materials. Here, a concept in which shape memory polymers serve as a means to achieve freestanding 3D architectures from the same basic approach is introduced, with demonstrated ability to realize lateral dimensions, characteristic feature sizes, and thicknesses as small as ≈500, 10, and 5 µm simultaneously, and the potential to scale to much larger or smaller dimensions. Wireless electronic devices illustrate the capacity to integrate other materials and functional components into these 3D frameworks. Quantitative mechanics modeling and experimental measurements illustrate not only shape fixation but also capabilities that allow for structure recovery and shape programmability, as a form of 4D structural control. These ideas provide opportunities in fields ranging from micro-electromechanical systems and microrobotics, to smart intravascular stents, tissue scaffolds, and many others. www.advmat.de www.advancedsciencenews.com A collection of recent publications reports schemes that exploit compressive buckling as a means for assembly of complex 3D functional devices in a diversity of configurations and with a broad range of material compositions, including critical dimensions that span nanometer to centimeter length scales. [47][48][49][50][51] Here, relaxation of a prestrained elastomer substrate, as an assembly platform, imposes stresses on a 2D precursor structure to transform its geometry into a desired 3D shape. With a few exceptions, [52,53] deformations of the micro/ nanomaterials in the precursor rema...

Key Points DUSP22-rearranged ALCLs belong to a distinct subset of ALCLs lacking activated STAT3. DUSP22-rearranged ALCLs have a unique molecular signature characterized by DNA hypomethylation and an immunogenic phenotype.

Advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have inspired a surge of research exploring their expansion into the visual domain. While recent models exhibit promise in generating abstract captions for images and conducting natural conversations, their performance on textrich images leaves room for improvement. In this paper, we propose the Contrastive Reading Model (Cream), a novel neural architecture designed to enhance the language-image understanding capability of LLMs by capturing intricate details typically overlooked by existing methods. Cream integrates vision and auxiliary encoders, complemented by a contrastive feature alignment technique, resulting in a more effective understanding of textual information within document images. Our approach, thus, seeks to bridge the gap between vision and language understanding, paving the way for more sophisticated Document Intelligence Assistants. Rigorous evaluations across diverse tasks, such as visual question answering on document images, demonstrate the efficacy of Cream as a state-of-the-art model in the field of visual document understanding. We provide our codebase and newly-generated datasets at https://github.com/naver-ai/cream.

Recently developed methods in mechanically guided assembly provide deterministic access to wide-ranging classes of complex, 3D structures in high-performance functional materials, with characteristic length scales that can range from nanometers to centimeters. These processes exploit stress relaxation in prestretched elastomeric platforms to affect transformation of 2D precursors into 3D shapes by in- and out-of-plane translational displacements. This paper introduces a scheme for introducing local twisting deformations into this process, thereby providing access to 3D mesostructures that have strong, local levels of chirality and other previously inaccessible geometrical features. Here, elastomeric assembly platforms segmented into interconnected, rotatable units generate in-plane torques imposed through bonding sites at engineered locations across the 2D precursors during the process of stress relaxation. Nearly 2 dozen examples illustrate the ideas through a diverse variety of 3D structures, including those with designs inspired by the ancient arts of origami/kirigami and with layouts that can morph into different shapes. A mechanically tunable, multilayered chiral 3D metamaterial configured for operation in the terahertz regime serves as an application example guided by finite-element analysis and electromagnetic modeling.

Mechanical degradation and resultant capacity fade in high-capacity electrode materials critically hinder their use in high-performance rechargeable batteries. Despite tremendous efforts devoted to the study of the electro–chemo–mechanical behaviours of high-capacity electrode materials, their fracture properties and mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here we report a nanomechanical study on the damage tolerance of electrochemically lithiated silicon. Our in situ transmission electron microscopy experiments reveal a striking contrast of brittle fracture in pristine silicon versus ductile tensile deformation in fully lithiated silicon. Quantitative fracture toughness measurements by nanoindentation show a rapid brittle-to-ductile transition of fracture as the lithium-to-silicon molar ratio is increased to above 1.5. Molecular dynamics simulations elucidate the mechanistic underpinnings of the brittle-to-ductile transition governed by atomic bonding and lithiation-induced toughening. Our results reveal the high damage tolerance in amorphous lithium-rich silicon alloys and have important implications for the development of durable rechargeable batteries.