Three-dimensional electronic microfliers inspired by wind-dispersed seeds

Kim, Bong Hoon; Li, Kan; Kim, Jin-Tae; Park, Yoonseok; Jang, Hokyung; Wang, Xueju; Xie, Zhaoqian; Won, Sang Min; Yoon, Hong‐Joon; Lee, Geumbee; Jang, Woo Jin; Lee, Kun Hyuck; Chung, Ted S.; Jung, Yei Hwan; Heo, Seung Yun; Lee, Yechan; Kim, Juyun; Cai, Tianlong; Kim, Yeonha; Prasopsukh, Poom; Yu, Yongjoon; Yu, Xinge; Avila, Raudel; Luan, Haiwen; Song, Honglie; Zhu, Feng; Zhao, Ying; Chen, Lin; Han, Seung Ho; Kim, Jiwoong; Oh, Soong Ju; Lee, Heon; Lee, Chi Hwan; Huang, Yonggang; Chamorro, Leonardo P.; Zhang, Yihui; Rogers, John A.

doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03847-y

Cited by 126 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…[ 68,69 ] Notably, 3D flexible electronics maintain conductivity while gaining an extra dimension and thus more sophisticated functions that 2D electronics do not offer (Figure 3E,F). [ 70–72 ]…”

Section: Materials and Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human–Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics

2022

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Medical robots are invaluable players in non-pharmaceutical treatment of disabilities. Particularly, using prosthetic and rehabilitation devices with human-machine interfaces can greatly improve the quality of life for impaired patients. In recent years, flexible electronic interfaces and soft robotics have attracted tremendous attention in this field due to their high biocompatibility, functionality, conformability, and low-cost. Flexible human-machine interfaces on soft robotics would make a promising alternative to conventional rigid devices, which could potentially revolutionize the paradigm and future direction of medical robotics in terms of rehabilitation feedback and user experience. In this review, the fundamental components of the materials, structures, and mechanisms in flexible humanmachine interfaces are summarized by recent and renown applications in five primary areas: physical and chemical sensing, physiological recording, information processing and communication, soft robotic actuation, and feedback stimulation. This review further concludes by discussing the outlook and current challenges of these technologies as a human-machine interface in medical robotics.

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Section: Materials and Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human–Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics

2022

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“…The use of this technique in creating functional 3D structures has expanded in recent years. [ 76–78 ] Successful demonstrations of directed 3D assembly have been applied to many applications, including electronics/optoelectronics with unconventional form factors, [ 25,79 ] microelectromechanical systems, [ 80 ] energy harvesters, [ 81 ] cell scaffolds, [ 76,82,83 ] multifunctional interfaces to organoids, [ 84 ] electronic microfliers, [ 85 ] microfluidic networks, [ 78 ] and many others.…”

Section: Directed 4d Assembly By Compressive Bucklingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomimetic and Biologically Compliant Soft Architectures via 3D and 4D Assembly Methods: A Perspective

et al. 2022

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synthetically. Studying structures found in nature has motivated and will continue to motivate the advancement of 3D fabrication strategies. Progress in this field has seen tremendous growth in recent years and structures that are made with relative ease today, a few decades ago would have seemed impossible. New developments, particularly in the construction of architectures made from soft materials or hybrid structures containing both soft and hard components are continuously emerging. Creation of soft synthetic structures that mimic the properties and functions of biological materials or can interact with, probe, and control living materials continue to drive research in this field.Here, recent contributions from the literature and our research are highlighted and the reports are used to highlight opportunities and current needs for advances in the chemistry of soft materials in the context of their functional integration into 3D architectures of complex form. The methods considered herein serve to highlight a recent paradigm for heterogeneous integration-methods of 4D fabrication exploiting directed assembly and printing to construct complex functional composite material structures.Recent progress in soft material chemistry and enabling methods of 3D and 4D fabrication-emerging programmable material designs and associated assembly methods for the construction of complex functional structures-is highlighted. The underlying advances in this science allow the creation of soft material architectures with properties and shapes that programmably vary with time. The ability to control composition from the molecular to the macroscale is highlighted-most notably through examples that focus on biomimetic and biologically compliant soft materials. Such advances, when coupled with the ability to program material structure and properties across multiple scales via microfabrication, 3D printing, or other assembly techniques, give rise to responsive (4D) architectures. The challenges and prospects for progress in this emerging field in terms of its capacities for integrating chemistry, form, and function are described in the context of exemplary soft material systems demonstrating important but heretofore difficult-to-realize biomimetic and biologically compliant behaviors.

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“…Recently, atmospheric sensors with 3D shapes inspired by wind‐dispersed seeds have been assembled by mechanically guided assembly (Figure 10c(i)). [ 72 ] A colorimetric pH sensor is obtained using a pH‐responsive membrane as the substrate (Figure 10c(ii)). The electronic and optoelectronic components are incorporated for signal communication (Figure 10c(iii)).…”

Section: Stress‐induced Assemblymentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on Microscale Sensors with 3D Engineered Structures: Fabrication and Applications

Zhang

et al. 2022

Small Methods

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they can only perceive portion, along one or two axes, of a stimulus which is normally full of 3D space surrounding the sensors. [10,11] Another limitation is the deficient interface between the 2D sensors and target objects. For instance, health monitoring could be realized by attaching or implanting biomedical sensors to target organs or tissues of the human body. [12] However, it is difficult for traditional 2D sensors to collect accurate vital signals because they cannot conform to the 3D structure of organs or tissues. [13,14] Although this problem can be partially relieved by using flexible 2D sensors, [15] passive adaptation to target objects inevitably results in gaps. [16] Sensors with 3D structures have been developed to overcome these limitations. A 3D cubic sensor generated by selffolding has the ability to gain concentration as well as spatial information (i.e., direction and orientation) of target analytes surrounding the device. [17][18][19] Moreover, a 3D strain sensor fabricated by in situ 3D printing was observed to be compliant with the surface of a breathing porcine lung for continuous mapping of respiration-induced deformation with high 3D spatial resolution. [20] Besides full-space sensing and conformity to targets, compared to 2D counterparts, 3D sensors also possess advantages such as high sensitivity, [21] large specific surface area, [22] multimodal sensing, [23] and so forth.Despite their superiority to 2D sensors, it is challenging to fabricate a sensor with a delicate 3D configuration on a small scale because current micro-nano fabrication technologies are typically performed on planar silicon wafers. [35] Considerable efforts have been made to develop new fabrication methods for 3D sensors, which will be reviewed in this paper. According to the criterion of material quantity change, [36] these fabrication methods are divided into four categories: bulk chemical etching (subtractive manufacturing), 3D printing (additive manufacturing), molding (formative manufacturing), and stress-induced assembly (formative manufacturing), as shown in Figure 1. Basic applications or sensing functions (e.g., light, force, electricity, and chemical/gas), advanced applications (e.g., robotics, HMI, health monitoring, and tissue engineering), and strengths over 2D counterparts (high spatial resolution, multimodality, conformity, and high sensitivity) are illustrated for relevant 3D sensors. The fabrication methods and their pros and cons in generating 3D structures for various applications are summarized in Table 1. The discussions are concluded by outlining current challenges and future opportunities for 3D sensors.The intelligence of modern technologies relies on perceptual systems based on microscale sensors. However, because of the traditional top-down fabrication approaches performed on planar silicon wafers, a large proportion of existing microscale sensors have 2D structures, which severely restricts their sensing capabilities. To overcome these restrictions, over the past few decades, increasing e...

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Three-dimensional electronic microfliers inspired by wind-dispersed seeds

Cited by 126 publications

References 52 publications

Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human–Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics

Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human–Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics

Biomimetic and Biologically Compliant Soft Architectures via 3D and 4D Assembly Methods: A Perspective

Review on Microscale Sensors with 3D Engineered Structures: Fabrication and Applications

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