The theoretical design and the first experimental verification of an exterior dc invisibility cloak that can hide an object from dc detection at a distance are presented. Based on the transformation optics theory, the exterior dc cloak requires negative conductivity material to create folded geometry, which will cancel the real geometry of detected object in distance and make it invisible. Negative conductivities are designed and realized using active devices, together with resistor networks, to generate the equivalent conductivity materials required by the exterior dc cloak. An experimental sample of the dc cloak is fabricated on the printed circuit board and the measured result has excellent agreement with numerical and circuit simulations, showing very good cloaking performance at a distance.

The tropical transport processes of 14 different models or model versions were compared, within the framework of the SCOUT-O3 (Stratospheric-Climate Links with Emphasis on the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere) project. The tested models range from the regional to the global scale, and include numerical weather prediction (NWP), chemistry transport, and climate chemistry models. Idealised tracers were used in order to prevent the model's chemistry schemes from influencing the results substantially, so that the effects of modelled transport could be isolated. We find large differences in the vertical transport of very short lived tracers (with a lifetime of 6 hours) within the tropical troposphere. Peak convective outflow altitudes range from around 300 hPa to almost 100 hPa among the different models, and the upper tropospheric tracer mixing ratios differ by up to an order of magnitude. The timing of convective events is found to differ between the models, even among those which source their forcing data from the same NWP model (ECMWF). The differences are less pronounced for longer lived tracers, however they could have implications for the modelling of the halogen burden of the lowermost stratosphere through species such as bromoform, or for the transport of short lived hydrocarbons into the lowermost stratosphere. The modelled tracer profiles are found to be strongly influenced by the convective transport parameterisations, and boundary layer mixing parameterisations of the models. The location of rapid transport into the upper troposphere is similar among the models, and is mostly concentrated over the western Pacific, the Maritime Continent and the Indian Ocean. In contrast, none of the models indicates significant enhancement in upward transport over western Africa. The mean mixing ratios of an idealised CO like tracer in the upper tropical troposphere are found to be sensitive to the surface CO mixing ratios in the regions with the most active convection, revealing the importance of correctly modelling both the location of convective transport and the geographical pollutant emission patterns

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Sea surface temperature (SST) could significantly affect the dynamic and thermodynamic conditions of the atmospheric circulation and consequently the cloud variations. Here we use several different satellite records to extract the spatial‐time modes of total cloud cover (TCC) by employing a pairwise rotation of Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis. The results show that the first two principal oscillation modes of TCC are closely associated with the Central Pacific El Niño Southern Oscillation (CP ENSO) and Eastern Pacific (EP) ENSO during the 1980s–2000s, while the ENSO‐like mode of TCC can provide an evident contribution to the TCC change during the 2000s–2010s. In CP El Niño, the cloud vertical structure decomposed from CloudSat observations shows an increase of cloud occurrence frequency near the equator and around 40°, and a decrease around 10° in both hemispheres, suggesting a symmetric tightening of Hadley cell (HC). In addition, cloud occurrence frequency increases around 180°, which is accompanied by an eastward shift of Walker circulation (WC). In EP El Niño, TCC increases (decreases) over the Equatorial Eastern Pacific (Western Pacific warm pool), and decreases asymmetrically over the subtropical Pacific Ocean, indicating a weakening of WC and an asymmetric tightening of HC, respectively. The different responses of circulation and clouds to CP and EP El Niño highlight the nonlinearity of El Niño SST forcing. We also construct a trend mode of TCC to investigate cloud long‐term responses to SST warming by transferring the linear trends of the rest modes to a specific mode. The principal components (PCs) of TCC trend modes are strongly correlated with global‐mean SST (GSST) with correlation a coefficient of about 0.60 during the 1980s–2000s and 0.45 during the 2000s–2010s, suggesting a continued influence of global SST warming on TCC. The global TCC change is mainly influenced by the combined effects of Atlantic Multi‐decadal Oscillation (AMO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). The variation about the trend mode of TCC is closely associated with PDO and IOD.

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Nocturnal low-level jet (NLLJ) is the wind speed maximum occurring near the top of the night boundary layer with strong wind shear and pronounced diurnal variation (Blackadar, 1957;Rife et al., 2010;Van de Wiel et al., 2010). Various mechanisms for the development of NLLJ have been identified, including the topographic thermal and dynamic forcing, coupling with upper atmospheric jets, synoptic system forcing, and positive feedback from diabatic heating (Holton, 1967;Kahl, 1990;Stensrud, 1996). Among them, the inertial oscillation (IO) is found to be the most common mechanism, which is connected to the winds decoupled from surface friction when the near-surface layer is stabilized by radiative cooling after sunset, thereby allowing the low-level flow to accelerate as a reaction to a disrupted geostrophic equilibrium (Blackadar, 1957). NLLJ is tightly linked to atmospheric movement and blending (Stensrud, 1996) and therefore the rainfall events (

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Tropical convection is a very important atmospheric process acting on the water cycle, radiative budget of the atmosphere and air composition of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS), and it affects a broad range of spatial and temporal scales. The fast vertical transport in convective plumes can efficiently redistribute water vapour and pollutants up to the Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL), and therefore affect the composition of the lower stratosphere. Chemistry Climate Models and Chemistry Transport Models are routinely used to study chemical processes in the atmosphere. In these models convection and convective transport of tracers are parameterised, and due to the interplay of chemical and dynamical processes, it has proven difficult to evaluate the convective transport of chemical species by comparison with observed chemical fields. <br><br> In this work we investigate different characteristics of tropical convection by using convective proxies from many independent observational datasets (including surface precipitation rates, cloud top pressure and OLR). We use observations to analyse the seasonal cycle and geographical preferences of convection, and its impact on water vapour. Using highly temporally resolved cloud top data we calculate the frequency distribution of high clouds in three tropical regions. The observational data is used as a benchmark for a number of numerical models, with a view to assess the ability of models to reproduce the seasonality, preferential location and vertical extent of tropical convection. Finally we discuss the implications of our findings on modelling the composition of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere