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We demonstrate a semiconducting material, TiO 2−δ , with ferromagnetism up to 880 K, without the introduction of magnetic ions. The magnetism in these films stems from the controlled introduction of anion defects from both the filmsubstrate interface as well as processing under an oxygen-deficient atmosphere. The room-temperature carriers are n-type with n ∼ 3 × 10 17 cm −3 . The density of spins is ∼10 21 cm −3 . Magnetism scales with conductivity, suggesting that a double exchange interaction is active. This represents a new approach in the design and refinement of magnetic semiconductor materials for spintronics device applications.(Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)Recent research efforts on the growth of magnetically ordered semiconductor materials [1,2] have received great attention because of potential new applications in spintronics devices [3]. The rationale for this optimism is the plausibility of integrating properties of both magnetic and semiconductor materials in new devices [1] (e.g. spin diodes [3-6] and spin-FETs [7]). Recent research has focused on dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMS) which were synthesized by introducing magnetic ions (e.g. Mn, Co, Fe, and etc) into conventional III-V [1, 2] and II-VI type semiconductors [8,9] or wide bandgap semiconductors including ZnO and TiO 2 [8][9][10][11][12][13]. Also, ferromagnetism was induced in films of hafnium dioxide, HfO 2 , deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on sapphire substrates and attributed to defect doping [10][11][12]. Bulk HfO 2 is intrinsically non-magnetic and electrically insulating. This report has created intense

Two-dimensional (2D) materials with graphene as a representative have been intensively studied for a long time. Recently, monolayer gallium nitride (ML GaN) with honeycomb structure was successfully fabricated in experiments, generating enormous research interest for its promising applications in nano- and opto-electronics. Considering all these applications are inevitably involved with thermal transport, systematic investigation of the phonon transport properties of 2D GaN is in demand. In this paper, by solving the Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) based on first-principles calculations, we performed a comprehensive study of the phonon transport properties of ML GaN, with detailed comparison to bulk GaN, 2D graphene, silicene and ML BN with similar honeycomb structure. Considering the similar planar structure of ML GaN to graphene, it is quite intriguing to find that the thermal conductivity (κ) of ML GaN (14.93 W mK) is more than two orders of magnitude lower than that of graphene and is even lower than that of silicene with a buckled structure. Systematic analysis is performed based on the study of the contribution from phonon branches, comparison among the mode level phonon group velocity and lifetime, the detailed process and channels of phonon-phonon scattering, and phonon anharmonicity with potential energy well. We found that, different from graphene and ML BN, the phonon-phonon scattering selection rule in 2D GaN is slightly broken by the lowered symmetry due to the large difference in the atomic radius and mass between Ga and N atoms. Further deep insight is gained from the electronic structure. Resulting from the special sp orbital hybridization mediated by the Ga-d orbital in ML GaN, the strongly polarized Ga-N bond, localized charge density, and its inhomogeneous distribution induce large phonon anharmonicity and lead to the intrinsic low κ of ML GaN. The orbitally driven low κ of ML GaN unraveled in this work would make 2D GaN prospective for applications in energy conversion such as thermoelectrics. Our study offers fundamental understanding of phonon transport in ML GaN within the framework of BTE and further electronic structure, which will enrich the studies of nanoscale phonon transport in 2D materials and shed light on further studies.

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The ferromagnetism induced by the intrinsic point defects in wurtzite zinc oxide is studied by using ab initio calculation based on density functional theory. The calculations show that both oxygen interstitial and zinc vacancy may induce ferromagnetism into this material. The calculations also show that zinc oxide with oxygen interstitial may be a ferromagnetic semiconductor. Based on the simplified electronic configuration of the defect molecules, we explain the total magnetic moment, electronic structure, and ferromagnetism.

E − (red) due to a "phonon-kick" mechanism. The other three conversion processes in (c) and (b) are also enhanced by the recombination because of the vibrational excitations of the spring-like chemical bonds.

Copper ferrite films have been deposited on ͑100͒ MgO substrates by pulsed-laser deposition. The oxygen pressure used in deposition was varied from 1 to 120 mTorr with the substrate temperature fixed at 700°C. Magnetization values are measured to increase with oxygen pressure, reaching a maximum value of 2480 G, which is a 42% increase over the bulk equilibrium value. Extended x-ray absorption spectroscopy shows that the Cu cation inversion ␦ ͓defined as ͑Cu 1−␦ Fe ␦ ͒ tet ͓Cu ␦ Fe 2−␦ ͔ oct O 4 ͔ decreases monotonically from 0.72 to 0.55 with increasing saturation magnetization.