Schwann cells (SCs), the myelin-forming cells of the peripheral nerve, play an important role in the repair process of nerve injury. 1 Currently, it is generally believed that SCs can reprogram to produce a cellular phenotype that promotes regeneration and repair after nerve injury, thus clearing excess myelin sheath, attracting macrophages, supporting the survival of damaged neurons, secreting various cytokines and guiding the growth of axons. 2 However, the normal performance of these roles needs enough SCs, especially when the peripheral nerve is seriously damaged.The facial nerve is one of the key mixed nerves, which shares the motor and sensory functions. Clinically, facial nerve injury is not only difficult to treat but also causes serious psychological and social loads to patients and their families. 3 Early studies suggested that nerve injury triggers the proliferation of SCs, but recent studies have differed from this view. Wagstaff found the number of SCs increased approximately 2.5-fold after sciatic nerve injury

Background: Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the membranous labyrinth and electrocochleography (ECochG) have been used to diagnose endolymphatic hydrops (ELH) in patients with Ménière's disease (MD), the relationship between imaging and ECochG is not well-documented.Objectives: This study evaluates the ELH using 3D-FLAIR MRI and extra-tympanic ECochG (ET-ECochG) and correlates the results from 3D-FLAIR MRI to those from ET-ECochG.Materials and Methods: 3D-FLAIR MRI images of 50 patients were assessed using a 2D volume-referencing grading system (VR scores, relative scores according to the known volumes of the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals). Forty healthy subjects were included and compared to 51 definite MD ears of 50 patients while analyzing the ET-ECochG, which used a self-made bronze foil electrode. The amplitude ratio of the summating potential (SP) to the action potential (AP) (SP/AP) and the area ratio of SP to AP (Asp/Aap) were collected. Relative ELH grade scores were then correlated to ET-ECochG (SP/AP, Asp/Aap).Results: The VR scores showed a better correlation (r = 0.88) with the pure tone average (PTA), disease duration, and vertigo frequency of MD than the Bernaerts scores (grading the cochlea and vestibule separately) (r = 0.22). The SP/AP and Asp/Aap of the unilateral MD patients were statistically comparable to those measured in contralateral ears and the results between the definite MD ears with healthy ears were statistically comparable (p < 0.05). In a ROC analysis Asp/Aap (area under curve, AUC 0.98) significantly (p = 0.01) outperformed SP/AP (AUC 0.91). The total score of ELH, vestibular ELH, and cochlear ELH were also correlated with SP/AP and Asp/Aap. The strongest correlation was found between the Asp/Aap and cochlear ELH (r = 0.60).Conclusion: The 2D volume-referencing grading system was more meaningful than the Bernaerts scores. A correlation was found between ELH revealed by 3D-FLAIR MRI and the SP/AP of ET-ECochG in evaluating definite MD patients. The Asp/Aap appeared a more sensitive and reliable parameter than SP/AP for diagnosing the ELH of the membranous labyrinth.

Greater epithelial ridge cells, a transient neonatal cell group in the cochlear duct, which plays a crucial role in the functional maturation of hair cell, structural development of tectorial membrane, and refinement of audio localization before hearing. Greater epithelial ridge cells are methodologically homogeneous, while whether different cell subtypes are existence in this intriguing region and the degeneration mechanism during postnatal cochlear development are poorly understood. In the present study, single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on the cochlear duct of postnatal rats at day 1 (P1) and day 7 (P7) to identify subsets of greater epithelial ridge cell and progression. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis were used to examine genes enriched biological processes in these clusters. We identified a total of 26 clusters at P1 and P7 rats and found that the cell number of five cell clusters decreased significantly, while four clusters had similar gene expression patterns and biological properties. The genes of these four cell populations were mainly enriched in Ribosome and P13K-Akt signal pathway. Among them, Rps16, Rpsa, Col4a2, Col6a2, Ctsk, and Jun are particularly interesting as their expression might contribute to the greater epithelial ridge cells degeneration. In conclusion, our study provides an important reference resource of greater epithelial ridge cells landscape and mechanism insights for further understanding greater epithelial ridge cells degeneration during postnatal rat cochlear development.

Objective The main objectives of the study were to investigate the reliability and accuracy of cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the diagnosis of adenoid hypertrophy in Chinese children and to evaluate its value in clinical diagnosis. Methods From January 2019 to January 2020, 300 children with sleep snoring in Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Shanghai Jiaotong University were retrospectively studied. All patients underwent nasopharyngoscopy (NE) and CBCT scanning. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio of CBCT were determined according to the diagnostic criteria of NE, and the consistency between CBCT and NE was evaluated. Results The clinical study of 300 children patients found that compared with NE, CBCT had a sensitivity of 87.3%, specificity of 89.2%, the positive predictive value of 93.20%, the negative predictive value of 80.5%, the positive likelihood ratio of 8.08, the negative likelihood ratio of 0.14, and Kappa value of .748. Conclusion CBCT is a reliable and accurate tool for the diagnosis of adenoid hypertrophy and can be used as an alternative examination method for children with contraindications or intolerance during NE. Level of Evidence 4.

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Objective To investigate the hearing protection outcomes of different drug-eluting analog electrode arrays implanted into guinea pig cochleae. Methods Sixty guinea pigs were randomly divided into a negative control group and five experimental groups implanted separately with blank (drug carrier), dexamethasone (DXM), aracytine (Ara-C), Ara-C+DXM, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) eluting analog electrode arrays. Micro CT was used to supervise the surgical procedure. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds of the guinea pigs were measured and analyzed. Results and Conclusions Compared with the negative control, all other groups showed a significant increase in ABR threshold (p<0.001) after surgery. Among them, there was no obvious difference between the blank (0 vs 90 days: 59.70±10.57 vs 64.60±9.47 dB SPL) and the NAD+ group (0 vs 90 days: 59.90±9.87 vs 64.70±8.65 dB SPL). On the other hand, the ABR thresholds in the DXM (0 days: 58.10±10.73 dB SPL; 90 days: 51.70±9.07 dB SPL) and the Ara-C group (0 days: 59.00±10.05 dB SPL; 90 days: 51.60±8.48 dB SPL) decreased significantly compared with the former two groups (p<0.001). However, the Ara-C+DXM group showed no further benefit (p>0.05). In addition, a significantly higher survival rate of spiral ganglion neurons in cochleae was observed in the Ara-C and/or DXM groups.

BackgroundDanhong injection (DHI) is a commonly used drug in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and its neuroprotective research has been fully con rmed. Schwann cells, as myelin forming cells of peripheral nerve, play an important role in the process of injury and repair. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of DHI on Schwann cells and its role in facial nerve injury. MethodsRSC 96 Schwann cells were treated with different concentrations (0 -2%) of DHI for different time intervals (12 and 36 h). Effect of DHI on cell viability and migration were determined by CCK8 and Transwell assays. The levels of PI3K-Akt signaling related proteins were measured by western blotting analysis, and the effects of DHI on GDNF and CXCL12 using Western Blot, RT-qPCR, and ELISA assays at the cellular and animal levels, respectively. Then LY294002, an inhibitor of PI3K, was used to study the

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