Background The resources of wild ginseng have been reducing sharply, and it is mainly dependent on artificial cultivation in China, Korea and Japan. Based on cultivation modes, cultivated ginseng include understory wild ginseng (the seeds or seedlings of cultivated ginseng were planted under the theropencedrymion without human intervention) and farmland cultivated ginseng (grown in farmland with human intervention). Cultivated ginseng, can only be planted on the same plot of land consecutively for several years owing to soilborne diseases, which is mainly because of the variation in the soil microbial community. In contrast, wild ginseng can grow for hundreds of years. However, the knowledge of rhizosphere microbe communities of the wild ginseng is limited. Result In the present study, the microbial communities in rhizosphere soils of the three types of ginseng were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing of 16 S rRNA for bacteria and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region for fungi. In total, 4,381 bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and 2,679 fungal OTUs were identified in rhizosphere soils of the three types of ginseng. Among them, the shared bacterial OTUs was more than fungal OTUs by the three types of ginseng, revealing fungal communities were to be more affected than bacterial communities. In addition, the composition of rhizosphere microbial communities and bacterial diversity were similar between understory wild ginseng and wild ginseng. However, higher bacterial diversity and lower fungal diversity were found in rhizosphere soils of wild ginseng compared with farmland cultivated ginseng. Furthermore, the relative abundance of Chloroflexi, Fusarium and Alternaria were higher in farmland cultivated ginseng compared to wild ginseng and understory wild ginseng. Conclusions Our results showed that composition and diversity of rhizosphere microbial communities were significantly different in three types of ginseng. This study extended the knowledge pedigree of the microbial diversity populating rhizospheres, and provided insights into resolving the limiting bottleneck on the sustainable development of P. ginseng crops, and even the other crops of Panax.
Visible‐light‐driven photocatalytic Cr(VI) reduction is a promising pathway to moderate environmental pollution, in which the development of photocatalysts is pivotal. Herein, three hourglass‐type phosphomolybdate‐based hybrids with the formula of: (H2bpe)3[Zn(H2PO4)][Zn(bpe)(H2O)2]H{Zn[P4Mo6O31H6]2} ⋅ 6H2O (1) Na6[H2bz]2[ZnNa4(H2O)5]{Zn [P4Mo6O31H3]2} ⋅ 2H2O (2) and (H2mbpy) {[Zn(mbpy)(H2O)]2[Zn(H2O)]2}{Zn[P4Mo6O31H6]2} ⋅ 10H2O (3) (bpe=trans‐1,2‐bi(4‐pyridyl)‐ethylene; bz=4,4′‐diaminobiphenyl; mbpy=4,4’‐dimethyl‐2,2’bipyridine) were synthesized under the guidance of the functional organic moiety modification strategy. Structural analysis showed that hybrids 1–3 have similar 2D layer‐like spatial arrangements constructed by {Zn[P4Mo6]2} clusters and organic components with different conjugated degree. With excellent redox properties and wide visible‐light absorption capacities, hybrids 1–3 display favourable photocatalytic activity for Cr(VI) reduction with 79%, 70% and 64% reduction rates, which are superior to that of only inorganic {Zn[P4Mo6]2} itself (21%). The investigation of organic components on photocatalytic performance of hybrids 1–3 suggested that the organic counter cations (bpe, bz and mbpy) can effectively affect the visible‐light absorption, as well as the recombination of photogenerated carriers stemmed from {Zn[P4Mo6]2} clusters, further promoting their photocatalytic performances towards Cr(VI) reduction. This work provides an experimental basis for the design of functionalized photocatalysts via the modification of organic species.
Background Ginsenoside, as the main active substance in ginseng, has the function of treating various diseases. However, the ginsenosides content of cultivated ginseng is obviously affected by the growth years, but the molecular mechanism is not clear. In addition, there are significant differences in morphology and physiology between wild ginseng and cultivated ginseng, and the effect of growth years on ginsenoside synthesis not yet understood in wild ginseng. Results Transcriptome sequencing on the roots, stems and leaves of cultivated ginseng and wild ginseng with different growth years was performed in this study, exploring the effect of growth years on gene expression in ginseng. The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from comparison groups in cultivated ginseng was higher than that in wild ginseng. The result of weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) showed that growth years significantly affected the gene expression of Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathway and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis pathway in cultivated ginseng, but had no effects in wild ginseng. Furthermore, the growth years had significant effects on the genes related to ginsenoside synthesis in cultivated ginseng, and the effects were different in the roots, stems and leaves. However, it had little influence on the expression of genes related to ginsenoside synthesis in wild ginseng. Growth years might affect the expression of genes for ginsenoside synthesis by influencing the expression of these transcription factors (TFs), like my elob lastosis (MYB), NAM, ATAF1 and 2, and CUC2 (NAC), APETALA2/ethylene-responsive factor (AP2/ERF), basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) and WRKY, etc., thereby affecting the content of ginsenosides. Conclusions This study complemented the gaps in the genetic information of wild ginseng in different growth periods and helped to clarify the potential mechanisms of the effect of growth years on the physiological state in wild ginseng and cultivated ginseng, which also provided a new insight into the mechanism of ginsenoside regulation.
A novel cross‐linker (functional abietic‐type acids) for preparing highly sensitive, molecularly imprinted sensors was proposed for quinine determination. A MIP film was created on a glassy carbon electrode for determination of quinine using free radical polymerization method. The modification procedure was characterized via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The interaction between functional monomer and target molecule was observed by UV spectrometric methods. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the peak currents were proportional to the concentrations of quinine in the range from 8.0×10−7 to 2.6×10−4 M with a detection limit of 2.0×10−8 M. Meanwhile the prepared sensor showed sensitive and selective binding sites for quinine. Determination of quinine in tonic water showed good recovery.
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