Diversity and structure of the rhizosphere microbial communities of wild and cultivated ginseng

Abstract

Background The resources of wild ginseng have been reducing sharply, and it is mainly dependent on artificial cultivation in China, Korea and Japan. Based on cultivation modes, cultivated ginseng include understory wild ginseng (the seeds or seedlings of cultivated ginseng were planted under the theropencedrymion without human intervention) and farmland cultivated ginseng (grown in farmland with human intervention). Cultivated ginseng, can only be planted on the same plot of land consecutively for several years owing to soilborne diseases, which is mainly because of the variation in the soil microbial community. In contrast, wild ginseng can grow for hundreds of years. However, the knowledge of rhizosphere microbe communities of the wild ginseng is limited. Result In the present study, the microbial communities in rhizosphere soils of the three types of ginseng were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing of 16 S rRNA for bacteria and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region for fungi. In total, 4,381 bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and 2,679 fungal OTUs were identified in rhizosphere soils of the three types of ginseng. Among them, the shared bacterial OTUs was more than fungal OTUs by the three types of ginseng, revealing fungal communities were to be more affected than bacterial communities. In addition, the composition of rhizosphere microbial communities and bacterial diversity were similar between understory wild ginseng and wild ginseng. However, higher bacterial diversity and lower fungal diversity were found in rhizosphere soils of wild ginseng compared with farmland cultivated ginseng. Furthermore, the relative abundance of Chloroflexi, Fusarium and Alternaria were higher in farmland cultivated ginseng compared to wild ginseng and understory wild ginseng. Conclusions Our results showed that composition and diversity of rhizosphere microbial communities were significantly different in three types of ginseng. This study extended the knowledge pedigree of the microbial diversity populating rhizospheres, and provided insights into resolving the limiting bottleneck on the sustainable development of P. ginseng crops, and even the other crops of Panax.

Optimal NPK Fertilizer Combination Increases Panax ginseng Yield and Quality and Affects Diversity and Structure of Rhizosphere Fungal Communities

“…The second most abundant phylum was Mortierellomycota, and its relative abundance increased notably after fertilization. Mortierellomycota was closely associated with soil nutrients, and the phylum was considered to be a marker group in the rhizosphere soil of high-quality ginseng (Fang et al, 2022 ). Glomeromycota also increased after fertilization, and its relative abundance was the highest in the N 3 P 1 K 3 (T7) treatment.…”

The Rhizosphere Microbiome of Ginseng

“…Basidiomycota (Amanita) [37] Zygomycota (Mortierella) Ascomycota (Fusarium, Phoma) Basidiomycota (Cryptococcus) [38] There are also multiple reports about the diversity and abundance of bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere of P. ginseng [40][41][42][43][44]. The methods in the studies were PCR-DGGE [40], RAPDs [42], and high-throughput sequencing [41,43,44]. All the studies collected samples in the spring, except Fang et al [43], who collected in late summer.…”

“…The methods in the studies were PCR-DGGE [40], RAPDs [42], and high-throughput sequencing [41,43,44]. All the studies collected samples in the spring, except Fang et al [43], who collected in late summer. Plant ages in the soil differed with 1-to 4-year-old gardens [40], 1-to 6-year-old gardens [42], 2-to 6-year-old gardens [41], 1-to 5-year-old gardens [44], and 15-year-old gardens [43].…”

“…All the studies collected samples in the spring, except Fang et al [43], who collected in late summer. Plant ages in the soil differed with 1-to 4-year-old gardens [40], 1-to 6-year-old gardens [42], 2-to 6-year-old gardens [41], 1-to 5-year-old gardens [44], and 15-year-old gardens [43]. However, there were still many similarities in the results.…”

Effects of planting of two common crops, Allium fistulosum and Brassica napus, on soil properties and microbial communities of ginseng cultivation in northeast China

“…Furthermore, the long-term cultivation of ginseng has a significant impact on soil microbial community and soil physical and chemical properties, and ginseng is also adversely affected by allelopathy or self-toxicity in the growth process [5]. As a result, serious obstacles to continuous cropping appeared in ginseng cultivation, which limited the reseeding and reduced the yield, resulting in substantial economic losses [6]. To date, there is no feasible and effective way to deal with the continuous cropping obstacle of ginseng.…”