The liquefaction process is one of the promising techniques for effective utilization of woody biomass, for the lignocelluloses can be converted to liquid reactive material, as eco-polymeric materials. Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria Japonica), as an abundant waste softwood material, was selected and used in our wood liquefaction experiment. In order to investigate the basic characteristics and potentially harmful metal contents, the composition and metal elements of waste woody samples had been determined, and based on the methods of Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) and by an ICP-AES, separately. Then the waste woody samples were liquefied by a phenol wood liquefaction according to the orthogonal test L 9 (3 4), in order to obtain relatively less residue by different reaction conditions. It is thought that sulfuric acid plays an important role in retarding the condensation reaction during the acid-catalyzed phenol liquefaction because of the dehydration, and it can be summarized that the most influential factors of the wood liquefaction conditions were obtained within the setting ranges on four factors and three levels by using the orthogonal tests. In the acidic catalyst comparison experiment, as a result, when using concentrated sulfuric acid as the strong acidic catalyst, the minimum of residual content had reached 9.71%. According to these experimental results, the new liquefied samples The Sustainable World 343
The liquefaction process is one of the promising techniques for effective utilization of woody biomass, for the lignocelluloses can be converted to liquid reactive material, as eco-polymeric materials. Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria Japonica), as an abundant waste softwood material, was selected and used in our wood liquefaction experiment. In order to investigate the basic characteristics and potentially harmful metal contents, the composition and metal elements of waste woody samples had been determined, and based on the methods of Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) and by an ICP-AES, separately. Then the waste woody samples were liquefied by a phenol wood liquefaction according to the orthogonal test L 9 (3 4 ), in order to obtain relatively less residue by different reaction conditions. It is thought that sulfuric acid plays an important role in retarding the condensation reaction during the acid-catalyzed phenol liquefaction because of the dehydration, and it can be summarized that the most influential factors of the wood liquefaction conditions were obtained within the setting ranges on four factors and three levels by using the orthogonal tests. In the acidic catalyst comparison experiment, as a result, when using concentrated sulfuric acid as the strong acidic catalyst, the minimum of residual content had reached 9.71%. According to these experimental results, the new liquefied samples demonstrated the relationships between some characteristics of liquefied products from waste woody materials through analyses of Japanese phenolic resin industry testing series such as viscosity, nonvolatility and so on. The results showed that whether the viscosity or novolatility the greatest changed of the liquefied materials had taken place in reaction time during the 6 hours. In addition, in order to find some structural changes and to clarify the mechanism of respective products, the analysis by combined phenol and free phenol was carried out in our further studies.
Abstract. A 10L scale MFC coupled A2/O system was built, with the anaerobic tank as anode chamber to remove carbon and the anoxic tank as cathode chamber to denitrify. This coupled system could achieve max output current after 30 days. During the study phase, the hydraulic retention time (HRT) was optimized to improve wastewater treatment efficiency and power generation. The results showed that the coupled system could obtain best pollutants removal effect when HRT=16h. Compared with control reactor, concentrations of COD and TN in the effluent of the coupled system could be reduced by 14.6% and 10.1%. And the power density (external resistance = 100Ω) of the coupled system was 612mW/m3 in the meantime. Correspondingly, the optimum HRT when the coupled system achieved highest power generation was 12h, and the max power density was 808mW/m3.
In the treatment of methyl orange simulation printing and dyeing wastewater by catalytic wet air oxidation method, the Ru series catalysts were prepared with the equal amount impregnation method. The catalyst activity and stability were characterized by the decolorization rate of the water samples, and the eluted metal ion concentration from the catalyst of the water samples. XRD, SEM, FT-IR were used to characterize the catalysts. The results showed that: when active allocation ratio of the catalyst was Ru:Cu:Fe:Ce:La = 1:0.5:0.5:0.5:0.5, the degradation rate of methyl orange could reach up to 98.5%. And the concentration of each metal component eluted lower after the reaction, while its activity and stability were relatively high.The active component of 1wt% Ru catalyst mainly existed as the form of γ-Al2O3, RuO2, La2O3, La2CuO4 and CeO2. The surface of catalyst was relatively flat and flaky. The Ru catalyst appeared strong infrared absorption in the vicinity of 1070 cm-1, 1650 cm-1 and 3450 cm-1.
Cellulose and lignin are the main structural polymers in the plant cell wall. Cellulose is the structural component of the primary cell wall of green plants, many forms of algae and the oomycetes. About 40-50% of woody matter is cellulose. Lignin is a highly cross-linked polymer created by the polymerization of substituted phenolic compounds, known as monolignols, such as coniferyl, pcoumaryl, and synapyl alcohol. Liquefaction process is one of the promising techniques for effective utilization of woody biomass for the lignocelluloses can be converted to liquid reactive materials as the bio-based materials. Cellulose would have an advantage of providing liquefied product with small range of variance. The phenolated woody components have high acidity in the presence of mineral acid catalysts and possess the constituents which can react with formaldehyde. In addition, lignin, one of the major woody components including the hydroxyl-benzyl structure, has the potential to react with formaldehyde. However, as its complexity in structure, the liquefaction mechanism and the liquefied products with phenol should be found out to solve some problems such as the reaction efficiency and low molecular weight products, and it will be useful to preparation of bio-based materials thought the liquefaction processes. In our study, two model woody components have been used under the different liquefaction conditions with phenol. In our experiments, the model cellulose component is specially used in the experiment to test the characteristics of the products under different ratios. As the results, we found that the final liquefied products from model component substance of lignin only 17.2% (wt) and the growth rate is very low with the molecular weight (Mw) up to 2119 under the reaction temperature of 150°C and 3 hours in the liquefaction experiments. However, the model cellulose component was confirmed to contribute more. On the contrary, the Mw of raw woody powder material can be reach to 1851. In a series of the mixing experiments, we found that the variation of Mw in the different experimental conditions determined by a gel permeation chromatography. From the results of liquefaction residue, we calculated the activation energy, and compared the value of those in different conditions. The solubility of the phenolated woody powder had been evaluated in eight organic solvents to evaluate the hydrogen bonding strengths of these solvents. It is very helpful for sustainable chemistry if polymeric materials can be effectively produced from the biomass liquefaction processes.
The wastewater of halogen products were treated with UASB-SBR method, and the influence of the UASB reactor operation days on the CODCr removal were experiment, decolorization removal and turbidity removal, aeration time, as well as water load. The results showed that: the halogen products wastewater was treated by UASB process; the CODCr removal of wastewater can reach 86.2 %. Then the wastewater were treated with SBR process, and the CODCr of wastewater fell below 100 mg/L, which can meet the second grade discharge standard of “Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard”(GB8978-1996).
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