Nowadays, coal production increases continuously due to an increase in mechanization in coal mining and demand in its related fields of application worldwide. Coal production in China is especially an increasing trend and a large amount of waste fine coal is produced. Waste fine coals usually contain large amounts of ash and inorganic sulfur due to non-selective coal mining of the coal. Therefore, waste fine coals are available as a resource and cause spontaneous combustion leading in turn to air pollution because of their coal contents and small particle sizes which increases the surface area liable to be wet and oxidized, and the disposal site of waste fine coals cause land occupation, soil pollution and water contamination.In this study, a vegetable oil agglomeration process was performed for coal recovery from Chongqing Nantong waste fine coals in China. The oil agglomeration process has been used to mineral oil of exhaustible resource. Therefore, in this study, several kinds of vegetable oils are selected as oil agglutinative agents because the vegetable oils which are renewable, available and less-pollutant energy resources. The effects of the parameters including particle sizes, agitation conditions, chemical structure and viscosity of vegetable oils were investigated based on the combustible matter recovery, ash reduction and efficiency index. It was concluded that particle sizes of waste fine coal, agitation rate and agitation time will influence on the recovery efficiency of combustible matter from its original waste coal by the colza oil agglomeration. Furthermore, a wide range of vegetable oil alteration grades including prepared waste vegetable oil samples and therefore, of oil properties, such as chemical structural changes and unsaturated carbonaceous functional groups by the oxidation processes in the used waste vegetable oils have to be achieved.
Coal production increases continuously due to the development of mechanization in coal mining and demand in its related fields of application worldwide. Especially, coal production in China is increasing and a large amount of waste fine coals (<0.5 mm) which are difficult to be cleaned. Waste fine coals usually contain large amounts of ash contents and inorganic sulfur contents due to the mechanical coal mining of low grade coals. Therefore, waste fine coals are unavailable as energy resources, spontaneous combustion leading in turn to air pollution because of their coal content and small size which increases the surface area liable to be wet and oxidized, and occupation of disposal land which is also lead soil and water contamination.In this study, a waste vegetable oil agglomerating process was approached for coal combustible matter recovery from Chongqing Nantong waste fine coals in China. The oil agglomerating process had usually been developed by mineral oil (such as kerosene) of exhaustible resource. Therefore, in this study, simulated waste vegetable oils are selected as oil agglutinative agents because the waste vegetable oils which are recycled, renewable, and less polluting energy resources from the point of view of effective utilization of waste coal and on the cost front. However, waste vegetable oils have the possibility of influence on the coal cleaning efficiency, because the waste vegetable oils may be changed in the surface property and viscosity by different kinds of vegetable oils and chemical structure with the usage environment. Therefore, in the study, cleaning coal efficiency of oil agglomeration was investigated when simulated waste vegetable oil (heating of colza oil) was used as an agglutinative agent. The effects of parameters including the viscosity and chemical structure were investigated based on the combustible matter recovery, ash reduction and efficiency index. Furthermore, combustion characteristics of combustible matter were determined with ignition temperature and burning behavior by TG-DTA. It can be concluded that the viscosity, types of vegetable oils, heating time and frying time of waste vegetable oils with the usage environment will influence the coal cleaning efficiency.
There are large quantities of waste rice husk and straw estimated around 3.9 million tons as biomass waste every year in Japan. Air pollutants emitted from exhaust gases of rice husk incineration lead to environmental damage, not only because of the influence on global environment and climate, when released into the atmosphere, but also on human health due to local air pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to effectively utilize waste rice husk and straw to reduce air pollutants. In recent years, there has been an increasing demand on the utilization of unused biomass instead of fossil oil fuel in combustors for farminggreenhouses heating during the winter season. The increasing demand will increase the running costs. In general, since these combustors are small in size, there is a lack of regulations or laws (e.g. The Air Pollution Control Act and The Waste Disposal and Public Cleaning Law) in operation for their air pollution control. So far, small size combustors are characterized by their simplicity of structure and low costs. However, they emit visible black carbon (elemental carbon) due to their poor combustion performance. In this study, we investigated that the possibility of the substitution of fossil fuel by waste rice husk and rice straw in laboratory model combustion experiments. We evaluated the emission behavior of harmful air pollutants emitted from rice husk and straw combustion by measuring carbonaceous and ionic composition of suspended particulate matter in the exhaust gases. From the analytical results we found that particulate mass concentrations reduced substantially at high temperature combustion. From the results of our study, it can be suggested that stable combustion performance under suitable conditions Energy and Sustainability IV 315
The liquefaction process is one of the promising techniques for effective utilization of woody biomass, for the lignocelluloses can be converted to liquid reactive material, as eco-polymeric materials. Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria Japonica), as an abundant waste softwood material, was selected and used in our wood liquefaction experiment. In order to investigate the basic characteristics and potentially harmful metal contents, the composition and metal elements of waste woody samples had been determined, and based on the methods of Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) and by an ICP-AES, separately. Then the waste woody samples were liquefied by a phenol wood liquefaction according to the orthogonal test L 9 (3 4), in order to obtain relatively less residue by different reaction conditions. It is thought that sulfuric acid plays an important role in retarding the condensation reaction during the acid-catalyzed phenol liquefaction because of the dehydration, and it can be summarized that the most influential factors of the wood liquefaction conditions were obtained within the setting ranges on four factors and three levels by using the orthogonal tests. In the acidic catalyst comparison experiment, as a result, when using concentrated sulfuric acid as the strong acidic catalyst, the minimum of residual content had reached 9.71%. According to these experimental results, the new liquefied samples The Sustainable World 343
There are large quantities of waste rice husk, e.g. around 3 million tons are estimated as biomass waste every year in Japan. Air pollutants emitted from exhaust gases of rice husk incineration lead to very important environmental damage, not only because of the influence on global environment and climate, when released into the atmosphere, but also on human health due to local air pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to effectively utilize waste rice husk and to reduce air pollutants. In recent years, there is an increasing demand on the utilization of unused biomass instead of fossil oil fuel in combustors for farminggreenhouses heating during the winter season. This increase in the demand will increase the running costs. In general, since these combustors are small in size, there is lack of regulations or laws (e.g. the air pollution control act and the waste disposal and public cleaning law) in operation for their air pollution control. So far, small size combustors are characterized by their simplicity of structure and the low costs; therefore, they emit visible black carbon (elemental carbon) due to their poor combustion performance.In this study, we investigated if fossil fuel can be substituted by waste rice husk in laboratory model combustion experiments. We evaluated the emission behavior of harmful air pollutants emitted from rice husk combustion by measuring carbonaceous and ionic composition of suspended particulate matter in the exhaust gases. From the analytical results we found that particulate mass concentrations can be reduced substantially at high temperature combustion. Air Pollution XX 365constituted by Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Cl -, NO 3 -and SO 4 2-which are easily vaporized, followed by homogeneous nucleation and heterogeneous condensation of these inorganic vapors. As the results of our study, it can be suggested that we have to ensure stable combustion performance under suitable conditions in order to control less air pollutants emitted from biomass fuel although small size combustors are still not regulated.
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