Blockchains have received much attention recently since they provide decentralized approaches to the creation and management of value. Many banks, Internet companies, car manufacturers, and even governments worldwide have incorporated or started considering blockchains to improve the security, scalability, and efficiency of their services. In this paper, we survey blockchain applications in different areas.These areas include cryptocurrency, healthcare, advertising, insurance, copyright protection, energy, and societal applications. Our work provides a timely summary for individuals and organizations interested in blockchains. We envision our study to motivate more blockchain applications.
CCS Concepts• Security and privacy➝Human and societal aspects of security and privacy➝Social aspects of security and privacy
Cooperative multi-agent policy gradient (MAPG) algorithms have recently attracted wide attention and are regarded as a general scheme for the multi-agent system. Credit assignment plays an important role in MAPG and can induce cooperation among multiple agents. However, most MAPG algorithms cannot achieve good credit assignment because of the game-theoretic pathology known as centralized-decentralized mismatch. To address this issue, this paper presents a novel method, Multi-Agent Polarization Policy Gradient (MAPPG). MAPPG takes a simple but efficient polarization function to transform the optimal consistency of joint and individual actions into easily realized constraints, thus enabling efficient credit assignment in MAPPG. Theoretically, we prove that individual policies of MAPPG can converge to the global optimum. Empirically, we evaluate MAPPG on the well-known matrix game and differential game, and verify that MAPPG can converge to the global optimum for both discrete and continuous action spaces. We also evaluate MAPPG on a set of StarCraft II micromanagement tasks and demonstrate that MAPPG outperforms the state-of-the-art MAPG algorithms.
As an oncogene related to mitosis cycle, checkpoint with fork head associated-(FHA) and ring finger (CHFR) participates in cell cycle and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Enhanced Green fluorescent protein (EGFP) is a new type of fluorescent probe. In this study, the effect of CHFR fusion
enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) on nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells was analyzed. 5–8F human NPC cells were divided into control group, empty vector group (NC) and CHFR group (transfected with CHFR-pEGFP-N1-5–8F cell line). 12 BALB/c-nu mice were divided into control group,
empty vector group and CHFR group. The following processes were assessed: cell proliferation, mitosis cycle, expression of CHFR, Aurora A, Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDC2) and Cyclin B1, and tumor volume. Cell proliferation in the CHFR group was significantly lower at 24, 48 and 72 h. The
NC and CHFR groups had increased cells in the G0/G1 phase and reduced cells in the S phase 24 h after subculture, without difference between the NC and CHFR groups. The CHFR group had decreased levels of Aurora A, CDC2 and CyclinB1, while tumor volume in 3 groups increased with increased time,
and decreased at each time point for the CHFR group compared with other groups (p < 0.05). CHFR was highly expressed in the CHFR tumor group, which was significantly higher than other groups. The CHFR fusion EGFP protein can significantly inhibit Aurora A activity and expression
of Aurora A, CDC2 and CyclinB1 by up-regulating the CHFR. The NPC cells were retained in the G0/G1 phase, blocking progression of cell mitosis, and further inhibiting cell proliferation while reducing tumor volume, and inhibiting the tumorigenic ability of NPC cells.
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