We re-evaluated several antibiotics including newer ones, for their in vitro killing activity, as well as their inhibitory activity, against clinical isolates of periodontopathic bacteria. Tetracyclines were active against Porphyromonas gingivalis, and were highly active against Prevotella intermedia, but demonstrated only a low killing activity against Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Rokitamycin, a new macrolide, and clindamycin were highly active against P. gingivalis and P. intermedia, but showed very weak killing activity against A. actinomycetemcomitans. Quinolones demonstrated excellent bactericidal activity against A. actinomycetemcomitans, and good inhibitory and bactericidal activity against P. gingivalis and P. intermedia. Metronidazole had an activity almost equivalent to quinolones against P. gingivalis and P. intermedia; but it was the least active against A. actinomycetemcomitans.
Field experiments were conducted to study the effect of biochar on potassium fertilizer leaching and uptake, efficiency and effectiveness of K fertilization, and economic viability of farming maize. Thirty tons ha -1 of biochar prepared from organic waste was applied to an Inceptisol. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with 7 treatments, namely control (without biochar and KCl), K1 (200 kg ha -1 KCl), BK0 (biochar, without KCl), BK1/4 (biochar + 50 kg ha -1 KCl), BK 1/2 (biochar + 100 kg ha -1 KCl), BK 3/4 (biochar + 150 kg ha -1 KCl), and BK1 (biochar + 200 kg ha -1 KCl) and three replicates for each treatment. The results suggest that biochar could replace and reduce KCl fertilizer. Biochar application increased the availability of nutrients by 69-89% for K + , 61-70% for Ca ++ , 39-53% for N total, 179-208% for P, and 14-184% for K.The results showed that the sole application of biochar increased maize production (6.24 Mg ha -1 ) by 14% compared sole application of KCl fertilizer (5.45 Mg ha -1 ). In contrast, dual application of biochar and 75% lower dosage of KCl fertilizer application increased maize production by 29%. Application of biochar and KCl fertilizer at the rate of 50 kg ha -1 resulted in the highest relative agronomic effectiveness (137%) and K fertilizer efficiency (18%). This application rate was also superior both technically and economically as assessed in terms of production (7.02 Mg ha -1 ), value of sales (revenue; IDR 19,305 million ha -1 ), income (IDR 8,663 million ha -1 ), and economic feasibility (R/C, 1.8).
An experiment in greenhouse was conducted to study the effect of biochar and fertilizer potassium against leaching and uptake of potassium on the growth of maize during the two cropping seasons. In the experiment, a randomized block design with seven treatments and three-time replication was applied, namely control (without biochar and KCl), biochar (30 t ha
Sustainable Development Goals are international agreements of many countries under UN initiation that have certain goals and targets. Achieving these goals and targets of the SDG requires a broad and focused effort from various sectors including higher education. Some of the goals associated with higher education are education, sanitation, innovation and global partnership. Given that higher education is one of the main drivers of the progress of a country, it gives university opportunities to play a bigger role. In addition, the rapid development and changes that occur today also require universities to respond quickly and appropriately. This can be done by developing university management based on the principle of SDG. This paper provides a brief description of the strategies that higher education institutions can take, particularly in responding to the changing world and in achieving the target of the SDGs. Five strategis for the university to encourage faster achievement of the targeted SDGs are proposed, i.e. Improvement of higher education quality, improvement of higher education equity, improvement of sanitarian and environment, improvement of research and innovation, and global partnership.
Stabilization ponds are easy to operate and their maintenance is simple. Treatment is carried out naturally and they are recommended in developing countries. The main disadvantage of these systems is large land area they occupy. The aim of this study was to perform an optimization of the wastewater treatment systems in a facultative pond, considering a mathematical analysis of the methodology to determine the model constrains organic matter. Matlab optimization toolbox was used for non linear programming. A facultative pond with the method was designed and then the optimization system was applied. The analyse meet the treated water quality requirements for the discharge to the water bodies. The results show a reduction of hydraulic retention time by 4.83 days, and the efficiency of of wastewater treatment of 84.16 percent.
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