This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary geniposidic acid (GA) on growth performance, flesh quality and collagen gene expression of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). The fish with an initial body weight of 47.1 ± 0.8 g were fed one of the seven diets, including control diet, Eucommia ulmoides (EU)-supplemented diet (20 g/kg) and GA-supplemented diets (200, 400, 600, 800 and 1,000 mg/kg GA) for 75 days. The growth performance and muscle proximate composition showed no difference among groups (p > .05). Dietary GA (200-1,000 mg/kg) increased the contents of total collagen and alkaline-insoluble collagen in skin (p < .05), and high supplementation of GA (600-1,000 mg/kg GA) and EU increased the contents of total collagen, alkaline-insoluble collagen and total amino acids (p < .05), but reduced the lipid level in muscle (p < .05). In collagen gene expression, EU and 200-1,000 mg/kg GA increased COL1A1 expression in muscle and skin (p < .05), but the expression of COL1A2 was increased only by high supplementation of GA (1,000 mg/kg, or 800-1,000 mg/kg) (p < .05). In conclusion, dietary GA improved the flesh quality of grass carp, and the supplementation level was estimated to be 600 mg/kg diet.

This study was conducted to compare the growth‐promoting and flesh quality ‐improving effects of three active compounds in Eucommia ulmoides (EU) on grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Four iso‐nitrogenous diets supplemented with 400 mg/kg inclusion of geniposidic acid (GA), chlorogenic acid (CGA), geniposide (GP) and their combination (GA:CGA:GP = 1:1:1, the mixture) were prepared and fed to grass carp (47.1 ± 0.6 g) for 75 days. The results indicated that weight gain was increased by 5.22%, and feed conversion ratio decreased by 0.07 by dietary CGA (p < 0.05). In flesh quality, the four supplementations significantly increased muscle fibre density, total collagen and alkaline‐insoluble collagen in skin, and reduced steaming loss of flesh. In addition, dietary CGA, GP and the active compounds mixture further increased total collagen, alkaline‐insoluble collagen and amino acid in flesh. In collagen genes expression, the expression of COL1A1 in muscle and skin was significantly promoted by the supplementation of GA, CGA, GP and their combination (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the supplementation of GA, CGA, GP and their combination improved the flesh quality of grass carp, and the growth was increased by CGA. CGA played more important roles in growth‐promoting and flesh quality‐improving effects than GP and GA.

No abstract

No abstract

Common commercial porcine acellular dermal matrix (PADM) products take the form of a thin membrane. Given its dense structure, delaying vascularization after implantation remains an issue to be solved. In addition, overlaying multiple sheets to address deep wounds and large tissue defects that are difficult to repair by self-tissues could hinder tissue ingrowth, angiogenesis, and integration. Here, we creatively prepared PADM microparticles through a homogenizing treatment and crosslinked them to ADM sponges by thermal crosslinking (VT-ADM) and thermal-glutaraldehyde crosslinking (GA-ADM). The resulting VT-ADM was thicker than GA-ADM, and both maintained the natural dermal matrix microstructure and thermal stability. The porosity of GA-ADM (mean 82%) was lower than that of VT-ADM (mean 90.2%), but the mechanical strength and hydrophilicity were significantly higher. The two types of ADM sponges showed no obvious difference in cell adhesion and proliferation without cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the human adipose stem cells were co-cultured with ADM sponges which promoted proliferation, tube formation, and migration of endothelial cells, and the GA-ADM group exhibited better migration behavior. There were no markable differences among expressions of pro-angiogenesis genes, including vascular endothelial growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-1, and epidermal growth factor. In a nude mouse model, the VT-ADM and GA-ADM pre-cultured with human adipose stem cells for 1 week in advance were implanted subcutaneously. The VT-ADM and the GA-ADM showed great histocompatibility without local redness, swelling, or necrosis. The vascular density of the local skin flap above the material was visualized using indocyanine green and showed no statistical difference between the two groups. The collagen tissue deposition in the pores and vessel formation within the sponges increased with time. Although VT-ADM had a higher degradation rate in vivo, the integrity of the two scaffolds was preserved. Collectively, the VT-ADM and the GA-ADM retained a natural matrix structure and presented biocompatibility. Thus, the above-mentioned two crosslinking methods for ADM sponges are safe and practicable. The novel ADM sponges with good physicochemical and biological properties are no longer limited to membrane tissue regeneration but could also realize structure remodeling where they act as scaffolds for a soft tissue filler and three-dimensional reconstruction of the tissue with strength requirements.