In van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures formed by stacking two monolayer semiconductors, lattice mismatch or rotational misalignment introduces an in-plane moiré superlattice. While it is widely recognized that a moiré superlattice can modulate the electronic band structure and lead to novel transport properties including unconventional superconductivity and insulating behavior driven by correlations, its influence on optical properties has not been investigated experimentally. We present spectroscopic evidence that interlayer excitons are confined by the moiré potential in a high-quality MoSe2/WSe2 heterobilayer with small rotational twist. A series of interlayer exciton resonances with either positive or negative circularly polarized emission is observed in photoluminescence, consistent with multiple exciton states confined within the moiré potential. The recombination dynamics and temperature dependence of these interlayer exciton resonances are consistent with this interpretation. These results demonstrate the feasibility of engineering artificial excitonic crystals using vdW heterostructures for nanophotonics and quantum information applications.

The band-edge optical response of transition metal dichalcogenides, an emerging class of atomically thin semiconductors, is dominated by tightly bound excitons localized at the corners of the Brillouin zone (valley excitons). A fundamental yet unknown property of valley excitons in these materials is the intrinsic homogeneous linewidth, which reflects irreversible quantum dissipation arising from system (exciton) and bath (vacuum and other quasiparticles) interactions and determines the timescale during which excitons can be coherently manipulated. Here we use optical two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy to measure the exciton homogeneous linewidth in monolayer tungsten diselenide (WSe2). The homogeneous linewidth is found to be nearly two orders of magnitude narrower than the inhomogeneous width at low temperatures. We evaluate quantitatively the role of exciton–exciton and exciton–phonon interactions and population relaxation as linewidth broadening mechanisms. The key insights reported here—strong many-body effects and intrinsically rapid radiative recombination—are expected to be ubiquitous in atomically thin semiconductors.

We report coherent optical control of a biexciton (two electron-hole pairs), confined in a single quantum dot, that shows coherent oscillations similar to the excited-state Rabi flopping in an isolated atom. The pulse control of the biexciton dynamics, combined with previously demonstrated control of the single-exciton Rabi rotation, serves as the physical basis for a two-bit conditional quantum logic gate. The truth table of the gate shows the features of an all-optical quantum gate with interacting yet distinguishable excitons as qubits. Evaluation of the fidelity yields a value of 0.7 for the gate operation. Such experimental capability is essential to a scheme for scalable quantum computation by means of the optical control of spin qubits in dots.

Transient nonlinear optical spectroscopy, performed on excitons confined to single GaAs quantum dots, shows oscillations that are analogous to Rabi oscillations in two-level atomic systems. This demonstration corresponds to a one-qubit rotation in a single quantum dot which is important for proposals using quantum dot excitons for quantum computing. The dipole moment inferred from the data is consistent with that directly obtained from linear absorption studies. The measurement extends the artificial atom model of quantum dot excitonic transitions into the strong-field limit, and makes possible full coherent optical control of the quantum state of single excitons using optical pi pulses.

Many naturally occurring biomolecules, such as amino acids, sugars and nucleotides, are inherently chiral. Enantiomers, a pair of chiral isomers with opposite handedness, often exhibit similar physical and chemical properties due to their identical functional groups and composition, yet show different toxicity to cells. Detecting enantiomers in small quantities has an essential role in drug development to eliminate their unwanted side effects. Here we exploit strong chiral interactions with plasmonic metamaterials with specifically designed optical response to sense chiral molecules down to zeptomole levels, several orders of magnitude smaller than what is typically detectable with conventional circular dichroism spectroscopy. In particular, the measured spectra reveal opposite signs in the spectral regime directly associated with different chiral responses, providing a way to univocally assess molecular chirality. Our work introduces an ultrathin, planarized nanophotonic interface to sense chiral molecules with inherently weak circular dichroism at visible and near-infrared frequencies.

The motions of electrons in solids may be highly correlated by strong, long-range Coulomb interactions. Correlated electron-hole pairs (excitons) are accessed spectroscopically through their allowed single-quantum transitions, but higher-order correlations that may strongly influence electronic and optical properties have been far more elusive to study. Here we report direct observation of bound exciton pairs (biexcitons) that provide incisive signatures of four-body correlations among electrons and holes in gallium arsenide (GaAs) quantum wells. Four distinct, mutually coherent, ultrashort optical pulses were used to create coherent exciton states, transform these successively into coherent biexciton states and then new radiative exciton states, and finally to read out the radiated signals, yielding biexciton binding energies through a technique closely analogous to multiple-quantum two-dimensional Fourier transform (2D FT) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A measured variation of the biexciton dephasing rate indicated still higher-order correlations.

It is demonstrated that iron nanoparticles function as a sorbent and a reductant for the sequestration of Ni(II) in water. A relatively high capacity of nickel removal is observed (0.13 g Ni/g Fe, or 4.43 mequiv Ni(II)/g), which is over 100% higher than the best inorganic sorbents available. High-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HR-XPS) confirms that the zerovalent iron nanoparticles have a core-shell structure and exhibit characteristics of both hydrous iron oxides (i.e., as a sorbent) and metallic iron (i.e., as a reductant). Ni(II) quickly forms a surface complex and is then reduced to metallic nickel on the nanoparticle surface. The dual properties of iron nanoparticles may offer efficient and unique solutions for the separation and transformation of metal ions and other environmental contaminants.

In crystals, energy band extrema in momentum space can be identified by a valley index. The internal quantum degree of freedom associated with valley pseudospin indices can act as a useful information carrier, analogous to electronic charge or spin [1][2][3][4] . Interest in valleytronics has been revived in recent years following the discovery of atomically thin materials such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides [5][6][7] . However, the valley coherence time-a crucial quantity for valley pseudospin manipulation-is di cult to directly probe. In this work, we use two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy to resonantly generate and detect valley coherence of excitons (Coulomb-bound electron-hole pairs) in monolayer WSe 2 (refs 8,9). The imposed valley coherence persists for approximately one hundred femtoseconds. We propose that the electron-hole exchange interaction provides an important decoherence mechanism in addition to exciton population recombination. This work provides critical insight into the requirements and strategies for optical manipulation of the valley pseudospin for future valleytronics applications.Group-VI transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) with 2H structure (for example, MX 2 , M = Mo, W; X = S, Se) are a particularly intriguing class of semiconductors when thinned down to monolayers 6,7 . The valence and conduction band extrema are located at both K and K points at the corners of the hexagonal Brillouin zone, as illustrated in Fig. 1a. The degenerate K and K points are related to each other by time reversal symmetry and give rise to the valley degree of freedom (DoF) of the band-edge electrons and holes. Strong Coulomb interactions lead to the formation of excitons with remarkably large binding energies due to the heavy effective mass and reduced dielectric screening in monolayer TMDs (refs 10-12). An exciton as a bound electron-hole pair inherits the valley DoF. Because of valley-dependent optical selection rules, they can be excited only by σ + (σ − ) circularly polarized light at the K(K ) valley. Owing to its close analogy to spin 4 , the valley DoF can be considered as a pseudospin represented by a vector S on the Bloch sphere (Fig. 1b). The out-of-plane component S z and in-plane component S x,y describe the valley polarization and the coherent superposition of exciton valley states, respectively. After optical initialization, valley depolarization and decoherence are manifested by a reduction in the magnitudes of S z and S x,y , respectively.The ability to coherently manipulate spins and pseudospins is at the heart of spintronics and valleytronics; however, previous investigations have focused mainly on the creation and relaxation of valley polarization using non-resonant photoluminescence (PL) or pump/probe spectroscopy techniques [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] . Optical excitation close to the lowest energy exciton resonance leads to nearly 100% valley polarization in monolayer TMDs such as MoS 2 (refs 13,15,20). Time-resolved PL spectroscopy has revealed a fewpicosecon...