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Sustainable development of drug delivery materials with good biocompatibility and controlled-release is a popular topic among researchers. In this research study, we demonstrated the potential of the metal-organic framework, that is MIL-100(Fe), as a drug delivery platform for isoniazid (INH). The MIL-100(Fe) was prepared by using the hydrofluoric acid-free hydrothermal method. Several physical measurements were conducted to characterize the MIL-100(Fe), including x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen sorption, and thermal-gravimetric (TG). The synthesized MIL-100(Fe) has octahedron-shaped particles with superior properties, that is large surface area (1456.10 m2/g) and pore volume (1.25 cm3/g). The drug loading rate and capacity were determined by means of adsorption kinetic and isotherm. The studied INH@MIL-100(Fe) adsorption system kinetics follow the pseudo-first-order model, while the isotherm system follows the Langmuir model with the maximum adsorption capacity of 128.5 mg/g at 30 °C. MIL-100(Fe) shows adequate biocompatibility, also exhibits a reasonable and controlled drug release kinetics. The results obtained show that MIL-100 (Fe) can be a good choice of drug delivery platform among other available platforms.

Green reduction of graphene oxide (GO) by phytochemicals was explored using the aqueous extract of kaffir lime peels. The research methods included preparation of extracts, preparation of GO, preparation and characterization of reduced-GO (RGO) using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV-Vis spectroscopy, as well as methylene blue (MB) adsorption test using RGO. The RGO characterization showed that GO was successfully reduced by a C=C group restoration. The MB adsorption kinetics profile in RGO is more suitable for the pseudo-second-order model, whereas for the adsorption isotherm it is more suitable for the Langmuir model with a maximum adsorption capacity (q max) of 276.06 mg/g at room temperature. The best ratio of GO: kaffir lime peel extract used to prepare RGO was at a ratio of 1: 2. Based on the ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS values, the adsorption of RGO-MB was defined as spontaneous and endothermic process. The results promise the potential application of RGO derived via green route to remove cationic dye in wastewater. Methylene Blue (MB) is a cationic dye that has a dark green color 1. MB is very soluble in water and alcohol and often used as the coloring agent for textiles 2. Methylene blue can have a negative impact on human body 3. If inhaled, it can cause respiratory disease, when MB is accidentally swallowed, it will produce a burning sensation and can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, gastritis, abdominal and chest pain, severe headaches, lots of sweating, mental confusion and methemoglobinemia 4. Therefore, the presence of MB in the water needs to be well addressed. There are several methods used to treat waste from textile water pollution, by ultrafiltration method 5 , ozonization 6 , ion exchange 7 , photocatalysis 8 , and adsorption 9. Of the many methods, adsorption the most promising method for dealing with textile wastewater; using commercial adsorbents such as activated carbon 10 , zeolites 11 and nanomagnetic materials 11-13. In this study, the concentration of MB in simulated textile wastewater was reduced by the adsorption onto the surface of graphene oxide-based material. Graphene Oxide (GO) is a carbon nanomaterial that can make strong interaction with organic molecules through hydrogen bonds and π-π interaction 14. GO has a stable 2-dimensional structure as electrical and thermal conductors 15. GO is widely used in many applications such as sensor 16 , catalyst 17 , electronics 18 , water splitting 19 , CO 2 reduction 20 , and water treatment 17,21. The ability of GO to adsorb MB is tremendous, with removal efficiency up to 98.8% 14. Some modifications can be applied to enhance the ability of GO in MB adsorption, such as composite photocatalyst 17,22,23. A further modification to improve the performance of GO-based materials is essential. GO is heavily decorated by the oxygen functional group (C-O), and therefore if the oxygen groups can be reduced, the surface area may be expanded. In this state, GO is turned into Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO). The conventional method t...

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The observation of side effects during drug consumption results a numerous research to search natural antioxidant such as kaffir lime which has not been utilized. Fruit peel has been reported to exhibit

The feasibility of bioethanol production using durian seed waste was investigated in this study. The effects of hydrolysis parameters (temperature, time, pressure and solid to water ratio) on the yields of reducing sugars and bioethanol were also examined. Central composite design was used to determine the optimum conditions of both reducing sugars yields obtained from hydrolysis stage and ethanol from reducing sugars fermentation. The optimized values for subcritical water process of durian seeds to produce reducing sugars were achieved at temperature of 139.8°C; solid to water ratio of 1:30; pressure of 30 bar; and reaction time of 3.58 h with 32.37 % yield of reducing sugars. The fermentation of 20 g L -1 reducing sugars for 72 h gave the highest ethanol concentration, i.e., 9.85 g L -1 .

a b s t r a c tThe photocatalytic degradation of malic acid was studied under ambient conditions in an aqueous TiO 2 suspension. The results demonstrated the presence of four distinct mineralization rate variations over the course of its degradation. Differences in the mineralization rate were governed by the dominant intermediate present in the solution at that time. Initial mineralization was rapid (∼175 g C/min) resulting from the swift extraction of a carbon from strongly adsorbed malic acid via the photo-Kolbe mechanism. The mineralization rate then slowed down (∼50-70 g C/min) with the continued formation of an intermediate product (believed to be malonaldehydic acid), malonic acid and acetic acid in the solution. The findings provide greater insight into the photocatalytic degradation mechanism, illustrating the importance of intermediates and their attributes in relation to the overall rate of organic removal.