Green reduction of graphene oxide (GO) by phytochemicals was explored using the aqueous extract of kaffir lime peels. The research methods included preparation of extracts, preparation of GO, preparation and characterization of reduced-GO (RGO) using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV-Vis spectroscopy, as well as methylene blue (MB) adsorption test using RGO. The RGO characterization showed that GO was successfully reduced by a C=C group restoration. The MB adsorption kinetics profile in RGO is more suitable for the pseudo-second-order model, whereas for the adsorption isotherm it is more suitable for the Langmuir model with a maximum adsorption capacity (q max) of 276.06 mg/g at room temperature. The best ratio of GO: kaffir lime peel extract used to prepare RGO was at a ratio of 1: 2. Based on the ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS values, the adsorption of RGO-MB was defined as spontaneous and endothermic process. The results promise the potential application of RGO derived via green route to remove cationic dye in wastewater. Methylene Blue (MB) is a cationic dye that has a dark green color 1. MB is very soluble in water and alcohol and often used as the coloring agent for textiles 2. Methylene blue can have a negative impact on human body 3. If inhaled, it can cause respiratory disease, when MB is accidentally swallowed, it will produce a burning sensation and can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, gastritis, abdominal and chest pain, severe headaches, lots of sweating, mental confusion and methemoglobinemia 4. Therefore, the presence of MB in the water needs to be well addressed. There are several methods used to treat waste from textile water pollution, by ultrafiltration method 5 , ozonization 6 , ion exchange 7 , photocatalysis 8 , and adsorption 9. Of the many methods, adsorption the most promising method for dealing with textile wastewater; using commercial adsorbents such as activated carbon 10 , zeolites 11 and nanomagnetic materials 11-13. In this study, the concentration of MB in simulated textile wastewater was reduced by the adsorption onto the surface of graphene oxide-based material. Graphene Oxide (GO) is a carbon nanomaterial that can make strong interaction with organic molecules through hydrogen bonds and π-π interaction 14. GO has a stable 2-dimensional structure as electrical and thermal conductors 15. GO is widely used in many applications such as sensor 16 , catalyst 17 , electronics 18 , water splitting 19 , CO 2 reduction 20 , and water treatment 17,21. The ability of GO to adsorb MB is tremendous, with removal efficiency up to 98.8% 14. Some modifications can be applied to enhance the ability of GO in MB adsorption, such as composite photocatalyst 17,22,23. A further modification to improve the performance of GO-based materials is essential. GO is heavily decorated by the oxygen functional group (C-O), and therefore if the oxygen groups can be reduced, the surface area may be expanded. In this state, GO is turned into Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO). The conventional method t...
Kaffir lime peels extract was used as an agent for the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) into reduced graphene oxide (rGO) via a simple room temperature-dispersion process. The GO obtained from the Hummers process is dispersed in polyphenols rich extract at a varied GO-to-extract ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4. The formation of rGO was confirmed through SEM, FTIR, XPS, XRD, and N2 sorption characterization. The restoration of C=C group and the reduction of several oxygen-containing groups confirmed the successful formation of rGO from GO. The resultant rGOs were used in the adsorption system for methylene blue uptake. The results indicated that the rGOs prepared at a GO-to-extract ratio of 1:2 had the highest adsorption capacity than rGO at other ratios. The XPS spectrum analysis of rGO 1:2 showed a higher C-C/C-O ratio than the other rGOs, indicating a higher number of adsorption sites which aid in improving the adsorption performance. The adsorption isotherm and kinetic studies were conducted to gain insight into the mechanism and rate of methylene blue uptake by the rGOs. The adsorption isotherm systems were consistent with Langmuir isotherm model with the highest adsorption capacity of 118 mg g–1 by rGO 1:2. The kinetic adsorption data are well represented by the pseudo-second order model, the adsorption equilibrium was achieved within 400 min with the overall uptake rate of 0.3 mg g–1 min–1.
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