No abstract

Educación para la salud se considera un medio muy importante para ampliar los conocimientos y prácticas relacionadas con conductas saludables de los individuos. Así, el estudio tiene como objetivo caracterizar las producciones científicas y describir el trabajo de las enfermeras en las prácticas de educación en salud en la escuela. Es una revisión integradora de la literatura en las bases LILACS y BDENF. A través de los criterios de inclusión se seleccionaron 20 artículos que respondieron a la pregunta: ¿cómo la enfermera actúa en las prácticas de educación para la salud en el contexto escolar? Los resultados emergieron tres categorías para el análisis: "Educación para la salud y la cuestión de la salud pública en la escuela", "Enfermería y educación para la salud en la escuela" y        "Medidas adoptadas en el ámbito escolar." A partir de 2010 se produjo un aumento significativo de publicaciones, estudios predominantemente con un enfoque cualitativo. Con todo, se percibe la complejidad de las prácticas de educación para la salud en el entorno escolar y la debilidad existente en publicaciones científicas sobre la inclusión de las enfermeras en la escuela.

In the present study we analyzed the Brazilian scientific production in the area of science education. The study was structured on: data by research groups registered in Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico; analysis of the postgraduate strictu sensu programs; analysis of theses and dissertations linked to post-graduate programs; and papers in international databases. Our research was conducted strictly via world wide web, from December 2009 to September 2010. It was found that both number of research groups, researchers, post-graduate programs, thesis, dissertations and papers presented a marked increase, especially in the last decade (from 2000 onwards). The major research centers were found to be located in public universities from Brazilian southeast and south regions. However, it was observed a tendency of decentralization, due to a recent investment in new public universities in the other Brazilian regions. So, this study sought to present an overview of the scientific production about science education and we expect that this information can help to expand the vision about the development of this research area in Brazil.

Cad. Saúde Colet., 2013, Rio de Janeiro, 21 (4): 441-9 441 Artigo Original ResumoEste estudo visou analisar a prevalência de comportamentos de risco à saúde, tais como: sedentarismo, má alimentação, etilismo, adição em drogas, envolvimento em brigas e relações sexuais sem proteção, em adolescentes no município de Uruguaiana (RS), Brasil. A coleta de dados foi realizada a partir de um questionário sobre comportamento de risco e estilo de vida, composto de 13 questões com variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas e comportamentais. Os comportamentos de risco prevalentes foram nunca/raramente uso de preservativos nas relações sexuais, o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas e o envolvimento em brigas. Cerca de 30% dos adolescentes apresentaram pelo menos um comportamento de risco, e 20% apresentaram dois ou mais desses. Dada a frequência de exposição, torna-se necessário a implementação de medidas de saúde no contexto escolar visando a diminuição da exposição a esses fatores de risco, promovendo a saúde desses adolescentes.Palavras-chave: comportamentos de risco; adolescentes; saúde. AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of health risk behaviors such as inactivity, poor nutrition, alcoholism, drug addition, involvement in physical fights and the lack of use of condoms during sex, in adolescents of Uruguaiana (RS), Brazil. The data were collected using a questionnaire on risk behavior and lifestyle, consisting of 13 questions with demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral variables. We have founded that the risk behaviors more prevalent were never\ rarely use of condoms during sexual intercourse, consumption of alcohol and engaging in fights. About 30% of adolescents presented, at least, one risk behavior and 20% presented two or more risk behaviors. Given this frequency of exposure to its risks, it is necessary to implement health measures in the school context, aimed to reduce exposure to these risk factors, promoting the health of adolescents.

Qualidade de vida, adesão e indicadores clínicos em pessoas vivendo com HIV Quality of life, adherence and clinical indicators among people living with HIV Calidad de vida, adherencia e indicadores clínicos en personas que viven con el VIH

Objective:to investigate potential drug-drug interactions (PDDI) in patients with HIV infection on antiretroviral therapy. Methods:a cross-sectional study was conducted on 161 adults with HIV infection. Clinical, socio demographic, and antiretroviral treatment data were collected. To analyze the potential drug interactions, we used the software Micromedex(r). Statistical analysis was performed by binary logistic regression, with a p-value of ≤0.05 considered statistically significant. Results:of the participants, 52.2% were exposed to potential drug-drug interactions. In total, there were 218 potential drug-drug interactions, of which 79.8% occurred between drugs used for antiretroviral therapy. There was an association between the use of five or more medications and potential drug-drug interactions (p = 0.000) and between the time period of antiretroviral therapy being over six years and potential drug-drug interactions (p < 0.00). The clinical impact was prevalent sedation and cardiotoxicity. Conclusions:the PDDI identified in this study of moderate and higher severity are events that not only affect the therapeutic response leading to toxicity in the central nervous and cardiovascular systems, but also can interfere in tests used for detection of HIV resistance to antiretroviral drugs.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Healthcare professionals need to instill the process of prevention, control and treatment of people infected with HIV into care practice. Through maintaining preventive treatment among HIV-infected pregnant women, it has been demonstrated that prophylactic antiretroviral therapy, scheduled cesarean section and the prohibition of breastfeeding significantly reduce vertical HIV transmission. This study aimed to assess the rates of vertical HIV transmission in a specialized service and identify the factors associated with it. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study developed at the University Hospital of Santa Maria (RS), Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 198 notification forms and medical records of HIV-positive pregnant women and exposed children. RESULTS:The vertical transmission rate was 2.4%, and three children had been infected by vertical HIV transmission. The statistically significant risk factor was the use of injectable drugs. Delayed reporting of pregnancy, absence of antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy, lack of proper prenatal care, incapacity to perform viral load detection tests and CD4+ T cell counts and obstetric and maternal clinical complications were reported. CONCLUSIONS: The vertical transmission rate was high and the recommended intervention measures were not adopted in full. Adequate prophylactic measures need to be implemented in HIV-positive pregnant women prenatally and during the antenatal, delivery and postpartum periods.RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Os profissionais de saúde precisam introduzir o processo de prevenção, controle e tratamento das pessoas infectadas com HIV na prática assistencial. Manter o tratamento preventivo em gestantes infectadas pelo HIV demonstra que a terapia antirretroviral profilática, a cesariana programada e a proibição da amamentação reduzem significativamente a transmissão vertical do HIV. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar as taxas de transmissão vertical do HIV em um serviço especializado e identificar os fatores associados. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal desenvolvido no Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria (RS), Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal foi conduzido utilizando amostra de 198 fichas de notificação e prontuários de mulheres grávidas HIV-positivas e crianças expostas. RESULTADOS: A taxa de transmissão vertical foi de 2,4%, e três crianças foram infectadas por transmissão vertical do HIV. O fator de risco estatisticamente significativo foi o uso de drogas injetáveis. Comunicação tardia da gravidez, ausência de terapia antirretroviral durante a gravidez, falta de cuidados pré-natais adequados, incapacidade de realizar testes virais de detecção de carga e contagem de células T CD4+ e complicações clínicas obstétricas e maternas foram relatadas. CONCLUSÕES: A taxa de transmissão vertical foi elevada e medidas de intervenção recomendadas não foram adotadas na íntegra. Medidas profiláticas adequadas precisam ser implementadas em mulheres grávidas HIV-positivas no pré...

Objectives: The objective of this review was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy for patients with carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Introduction: Among the main multi-resistant microorganisms, carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae is responsible for the mortality of 40% of patients following 30 days of infection. Treatment for carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae infection entails the use of high-cost antimicrobials. Inappropriate use of antimicrobials can increase the cost of treatment fourfold. This review aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy treatment for patients with carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae infection to better inform decision making in hospital services. Inclusion criteria: The review included studies on participants 18 years or over with carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae infection who had undergone antimicrobial therapy in hospital and acute care services. Studies that compared the cost-effectiveness of different antimicrobial therapy for carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae infection were included. Outcome measures were cost per unit of effect expressed in clinical outcome units; this included cost per avoided death, cost per prevention of sepsis and cost per duration of stay. Economic studies with a cost-effectiveness design were considered, as well as modeling studies. Methods: A three-step search strategy was utilized to locate studies published in English, Spanish or Portuguese, with no date restrictions. Two independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts and the full texts of potentially relevant studies for eligibility. Methodological quality was assessed by two independent reviewers using the JBI critical appraisal checklist for economic evaluations. Data were extracted from included studies using the standardized JBI data extraction tool. Data were synthesized using narrative, tables and the JBI Dominance Ranking Matrix. Results: This review identified eight studies that evaluated the cost-effectiveness of different treatments for carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae infection. The results of this study demonstrated that there was no gold standard treatment for carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae infection, hence treatment was generally directed by colonization pressure and resistance profiles. Furthermore, due to the moderate quality and limited number of studies, there was high uncertainty of the values of the cost-effectiveness ratio. Conclusions: Ofloxacin appears to be the most cost-effective treatment; however, conclusions are limited due to the small number and low quality of studies.