The experiments were conducted to determine the apparent metabolizable energy of Acacia mangium leaf meal (AMLM) and the effect on growth performance and carcass composition of broiler chickens (Arbor acres). Twenty-four broiler chickens at the age of 24 days were divided into 2 groups with four replications of two chickens raised individually in a cage. The apparent metabolizable energy of AMLM-feeding chicken was 2,359.90 kcal/kg. Experimental diets consisted of AMLM 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% feeding for 161 one-day-old unsexed broiler chickens and were randomly assigned to five groups with four replications of eight chickens in a completely randomized design. Feed and water were offered ad-libitum throughout the experimental period. At the age of 45 days, 2 broilers per replicate were slaughtered, and the carcass was determined. The results indicated that broiler chickens fed AMLM diets were not significantly different in weight gain, average daily gain and feed intake compared to the control diet (P>0.05). But chickens fed AMLM had decreased feed conversion ratio than the control (P<0.05). In addition, broiler chickens fed AMLM diets were not significantly different in all carcass composition parameters compared to the control diet (P>0.05). It is concluded that the AMLM contained 10% in diets does not affect broiler chickens' growth performance and carcass composition.
Monthong durian is a durian species mainly cultivated in Thailand. The rind makes up about 60-75% of whole fruit and is often discarded. Here, we evaluated the effect of durian rind, specifically the inner white peel, as a supplement for a fish diet on the growth performance and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in Red Tilapia. Fish with an initial average weight of 42.68 ± 0.11 g were fed diets supplemented with durian rind at 0, 10, 15, and 20% for 140 days. Subsequent results showed that growth performance in terms of weight gain, average daily gain, length gain, and specific growth rates were not significant among treatments (P > 0.05). In addition, the feed conversion ratio and survival rate of fish fed with diets supplemented with durian rind were also not significantly different from the control (P > 0.05). After the 140-day feeding trial, fish were injected intraperitoneally with A. hydrophila, and the cumulative mortality was recorded for 14 days. The survival rate of fish-fed durian rind-supplemented diets at all levels was higher than that of the control. The highest survival rate and relative survival percentage were fish fed with 10% and 15% durian rind in the diet. Taken together, the white peel of the durian rind can be a potential fish feedstuff and can act as a natural antibiotic to improve fish resistance against A. hydrophila. Recommended level of durian rind supplementation is 10%-15% in the diet which will not affect growth but can enhance disease resistance to A. hydrophila.
A total of 360 juvenile Anabas testudineus of mean weight (2.88 ± 0.02 g/fish) were randomly distributed in triplicate of 20 fish per tank. Acacia mangium leave meal (AM) and yeast-fermented Acacia mangium leave meal (FAM) were used at 0, 2.5, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 % supplemental in the experimental diets. They were fed for 12 weeks to A. testudineus fingerling stocked in 18 plastic tanks (200 liters) set up to recirculation system. Results indicated that the final body weight, weight gain, FCR, SGR, and PER were the best in treatment 4 (FAM 5.0%), significantly different (P < 0.05) from other FAM and AM treatments. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in HSI, FR, VSI, L*, a*, and b* across the test diets. The hematological indices' result showed no significant difference(P > 0.05) in hematocrit and red blood cells among the experimental groups. However, the thrombocyte and lymphocyte were significantly different (P < 0.05) in experimental diets FAM 5.0% and FAM 7.5% compared to AM 2.5%, FAM 2.5%, and FAM 10%. The study showed that the inclusion of yeast-fermented Acacia mangium leave meal (FAM) at 5% had the best-enhanced growth performance and feed utilization without any adverse effect on the fish carcass quality and hematological indices.
The use of additives in feeds to promote the growth of farmed fish has been rapidly expanding; among these are supplements derived from indigenous plants. Here, we analyzed the effects of satiation feeding of diet supplemented with noni (Morinda citrifolia) fermented extract on the feeding rate, growth performance and feed conversion ratio of Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish with an initial average weight of 2.83 ± 0.01 g were fed with diets supplemented with noni fermented extract at 0 (control), 100-, 200- and 300-ml kg-1 for 12 weeks. Subsequent results showed that growth rate was correlated with or dependent on the concentration of noni fermented extract in the diet. The best result for growth performance, such as weight gain, average daily growth rate and specific growth rate, was found in a fish-fed diet supplemented with noni fermented extract at 200 ml kg-1. However, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) is still higher than the control. The high FCR compared to control may be due to the anthraquinone in noni fermented extract, which decreases nutrient absorption. Fish fed with a 300 ml kg-1 noni fermented extract supplemented diet was the lowest growth performance and highest in FCR, suggesting that concentrations over 200 ml kg-1 might be detrimental to fish. Taken together, noni fermented extract can be a natural source of feed supplement to improve fish growth performance and may act as an appetite stimulant. However, due to its laxative effect, noni fermented extract supplementation should be given at appropriate levels and effective feeding management.
The nutrient digestibility and the metabolizable energy (AME) of Acacia mangium leaf (AM) and yeast-fermented AM (YFAM) by Japanese quails were investigated. Fifty-four of 4-weeks-old Japanese quails were divided into 3 groups with six replications of three quails. Each quail was randomly fed with an experimental diet composed of dextrose (protein-free diet for determining endogenous excretion) 40 % AM and 40% YFAM. The quails were raised individually in a metabolic cage, where feed and water were provided ad-libitum. Both feed intake and feces weight were recorded. Experimental diets and excreta were sampled and subjected to proximate analysis for gross energy. The results of nutrient composition indicated that the fermentation AM with yeast highly significantly increased (P<0.01) dry matter (DM), ash, and nitrogen-free extractives (NFE) content but decreased (P<0.01) crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), and gross energy (GE) content. In addition, the birds fed dietary YFAM compared with AM showed significantly increased (P≤0.01) DM, organic matter (OM), CP, and GE digestibility but decreased (P≤0.01) EE and CF digestibility. The protein utilization of birds fed dietary YFAM showed significantly greater (P≤0.01) FI, protein retained, protein intake, net protein utilization (NPU), and AME than those fed dietary AM. In conclusion, the fermentation of AMLM with yeast improved nutrient composition and enhanced the digestibility of nutrients, protein utilization, and AME of AMLM in Japanese quail.
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