The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization.

No abstract

No abstract

Beach sand may act as a reservoir for numerous microorganisms, including enteric pathogens. Several of these pathogens originate in human or animal feces, which may pose a public health risk. In August 2019, high levels of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) were detected in the sand of the Azorean beach Prainha, Terceira Island, Portugal. Remediation measures were promptly implemented, including sand removal and the spraying of chlorine to restore the sand quality. To determine the source of the fecal contamination, during the first campaign, supratidal sand samples were collected from several sites along the beach, followed by microbial source tracking (MST) analyses of Bacteroides marker genes for five animal species, including humans. Some of the sampling sites revealed the presence of marker genes from dogs, seagulls, and ruminants. Making use of the information on biological sources originating partially from dogs, the municipality enforced restrictive measures for dog-walking at the beach. Subsequent sampling campaigns detected low FIB contamination due to the mitigation and remediation measures that were undertaken. This is the first case study where the MST approach was used to determine the contamination sources in the supratidal sand of a coastal beach. Our results show that MST can be an essential tool to determine sources of fecal contamination in the sand. This study shows the importance of holistic management of beaches that should go beyond water quality monitoring for FIB, putting forth evidence for beach sand monitoring.

No abstract

Recognizing the risk of pandemic and the importance of monitoring and data sharing, we highlight the importance of establishing a global wastewater surveillance consortium, particularly under the umbrella of an international organization such as WHO, to strengthen future pandemic preparedness.

No abstract

Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point(HACCP) is a system, which gives us a proactive common sense approach to the safety management of our food products. HACCP is a preventative system used by the food industry to help ensure food safety and reduce food safety risks. An important portion of fruit production is processed into nectar. "Nectar" typically refers to beverages produced by dilution of fruit pastes or juices with or without the addition of sweeteners. Nectars are commercialized as from a single fruit or as blends. "nectar" must contain at least 25-50% fruit juice, depending on the specific fruit. This study presenting guidelines for the application of HACCP and focuses on the flow diagrams based on the production line of manufacture Mango Nectar in Egyptian canning company. It also presents an analysis of the hazards and of the critical control points (CCP) and monitoring them then verification to confirm that the HACCP system is working effectively.