Linking smallholder farmers to markets and making markets work for the poor is increasingly becoming an important part of the global research and development agenda. Organizations have used various strategies to link farmers to markets. These approaches have mainly been evaluated for their potential to increase participation in markets and household incomes. The evaluations have assumed a unitary household where income and resources are pooled and allocated according to a joint utility function. In most households, however, income is rarely pooled and neither are resources jointly allocated. This article uses data from Malawi and Uganda to analyze what influences income distribution between men and women, focusing on the type of commodity, type of market and approaches used. The results indicate that commodities generating lower average revenues are more likely to be controlled by women, whereas men control commodities that are high revenue generators, often sold in formal markets.Relier les petits agriculteurs aux marche´s et faire en sorte que ces derniers servent les pauvres sont des objectifs qui prennent une importance grandissante dans les programmes mondiaux de recherche et de de´veloppement. Les organisations ont mobilise´diverses strate´gies pour relier les agriculteurs aux marche´s. Ces approches ont surtout e´te´e´value´es pour leur capacite´potentielle a`accroıˆtre la participation aux marche´s et les revenus des me´nages. Les estimations sont base´es sur l'hypothe`se du me´nage unitaire dont les revenus et ressources sont regroupe´s et re´partis selon une fonction d'utiliteć ommune. Dans la plupart des me´nages, cependant, les revenus sont rarement mis en commun et les ressources ne proviennent pas non plus d'une seule source. Cet article s'appuie sur des donne´es concernant le Malawi et l'Ouganda pour analyser ce qui influence la re´partition des revenus entre hommes et femmes, en portant une attention particulie`re aux types de marchandises, de marche´s et d'approches utilise´s. Les re´sultats indiquent que les produits qui ge´ne`rent le moins de revenus sont ge´ne´ralement l'affaire des femmes alors que les hommes se chargent des denre´es qui ge´ne`rent le plus de revenus, et qui sont souvent vendues sur les marche´s formels.
A survey on smallholder livestock production with emphasis on monogastric animals was conducted in 20 villages of seven so-called ‘groupements’ of South Kivu province in DR Congo, situated along a north to south-west axis with the town of Bukavu in the center. This land adjacent to Lake Kivu is located at elevations ranging around 900–1900 m asl, experiencing tropical highland climate. A diagnostic survey helped to rapidly obtain in-depth knowledge of constraints and opportunities in this environment. Correspondence analysis and multiple regression analysis were used to investigate the association of production constraints with particular livestock species and to understand the factors that govern the number of livestock that people owned (converted to tropical livestock units [TLU]), respectively. Responses of 112 informants demonstrated that livestock is an integral part of the region’s mixed farming systems. Low livestock numbers per household at present reflect the poverty as a consequence of recent violent conflicts. Currently, farmers focus on small livestock, like poultry, swine, cavies (i.e., Guinea pigs) and rabbits. Families keep livestock to accumulate household reserves that are strongly invested in children’s education. Major issues of animal husbandry were related to animal diseases and lack of feed resources, particularly in the dry season. Lack of feed or forages were unrelated to a particular livestock species. Livestock holdings depended on animal diversity, location, land size available and respondents’ education level. The potential introduction of improved forages is challenged by their dry-season tolerance, compatibility with cropping on small farms; and people’s readiness to cultivate forages.
This study sought to map the distribution of parthenium weed in Nakuru County. Field surveys were conducted in September 2021 using the quadrat method, whereby the road stretch between Naivasha junction and Kibunja was used as the main transect. Data on the presence or absence of parthenium weed was recorded, and the geographical coordinates were taken using a hand-held GPS receiver and loaded into ArcGIS 9.3 computer software for the development of a parthenium-distribution map. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS V. 28 statistical tool (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Correlation analysis (at a 5% significance level) was used to show the relationship between the presence of parthenium weed and elevation, while descriptive analyses were used to determine the proportion of invaded quadrats. The results of this study revealed that parthenium weed was widespread in Nakuru County, with 79.2% of quadrats sampled invaded. The majority of parthenium weed invasions were reported in low-altitude regions (<1999 M ASL), especially those between Naivasha and Nakuru (r = -0.507, P < 0.001). This study showed that Nakuru County is threatened by parthenium weed due to its vast distribution. Therefore, the County Government of Nakuru should prioritise parthenium weed management to avert further spread. This study sought to map the distribution of parthenium weed in Nakuru County. Field surveys were conducted in September 2021 using the quadrat method, whereby the road stretch between Naivasha junction and Kibunja was used as the main transect. Data on the presence or absence of parthenium weed was recorded, and the geographical coordinates were taken using a hand-held GPS receiver and loaded into ArcGIS 9.3 computer software for the development of a parthenium-distribution map. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS V. 28 statistical tool (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Correlation analysis (at a 5% significance level) was used to show the relationship between the presence of parthenium weed and elevation, while descriptive analyses were used to determine the proportion of invaded quadrats. The results of this study revealed that parthenium weed was widespread in Nakuru County, with 79.2% of quadrats sampled invaded. The majority of parthenium weed invasions were reported in low-altitude regions (<1999 M ASL), especially those between Naivasha and Nakuru (r = -0.507, P < 0.001). This study showed that Nakuru County is threatened by parthenium weed due to its vast distribution. Therefore, the County Government of Nakuru should prioritise parthenium weed management to avert further spread.
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