Chloride ingress is one of the major causes of durability problems in reinforced concrete structures. This research focused to investigate the chloride penetration process through the concrete subjected to wetting and drying cycle. This research used 150 x 150 mm normal concrete prism sample with a 40 mm concrete cover. Three wetting and drying configurations used in this study to investigate the effect of wetting and drying period to the chloride penetration. The result indicated that the chloride concentration and penetration depth were highly influenced by the duration of wetting and drying. Based on the experimental result, concrete exposed to 5 hours drying and 3 hours wetting has the highest chloride concentration compared with the sample exposed to other wetting and drying configuration.
Expansion of rust, as a result of reinforcement corrosion, can cause additional internal expansive pressure and initiate cracking to the concrete. This paper presents experimental test and numerical modeling of concrete cracking induced by reinforcement corrosion. The simulation was performed using finite element based program Abaqus CAE using concrete smeared cracking approach. The numerical modeling used non-uniform and uniform corrosion assumption to get more accurate result. Based on the result, the numerical modeling has 3.01% lower stress than the experimental test. The result of the simulation using non-uniform assumption showed more similar cracking pattern with the experimental test compared with uniform assumption.
Two small-scale reinforced concrete beams, one made of ordinary Portland cement (NC) and the other blended with supplementary material using fly ash (SMFA), were investigated to gain insights into their flexural behaviour. Class F fly ash by 15 per cent of the mass of cement was added in the concrete mix of SMFA beam, enabling the reduction of cement usage. The specimens were designed under-reinforced having low steel bar ratio and were tested under four-point bending to failure. To ensure the beam failing in flexure, the M/Vd ratio of 3.2 was customary to allow the development of flexural cracks transpired over the centre span as the load further increased. Predictions incorporating manual calculation and computer simulation using Response-2000 were also performed and compared against the experimental data. The results showed that the NC and SMFA beams were generally equivalent in terms of load-deflection response, crack pattern, and mode of failure. Nonetheless, it should be marked that the load-carrying capacity of the SMFA beam was 22 per cent higher than that of NC beam, while the deflection of the SMFA beam was found to be significantly higher. Predictions from the manual calculation and computer simulation using Response-2000 were also in good agreement with the results obtained from the experiment.
A series of small-scale rectangular reinforced concrete beams made with different mix proportions were presented. The beams were fabricated using normal concrete designated as specimen control (NC), normal concrete blended with supplementary material using Class F fly ash (SMFA), and engineered cementitious composite (ECC). The beams comprised of similar reinforcement where the ratio of compression, tension, and transverse bars were 1.0%, 1.5%, and 1.0% respectively. To this end, the beams were tested under four-point bending and they were intended to fail in flexure mode. The tests also aimed to provide direct evidence regarding the improvement of beam ductility due to the use of ECC. Furthermore, the performance of test beams on the overall strength, crack pattern, and damage state was also assessed. To corroborate the experimental work, an analytical work employing nonlinear finite element analysis using Abaqus was also included. From this study, it was found that each beam demonstrated a discernible ductile plateau upon the post-cracking region with Beam ECC showing the largest ductility compared to the other two thereby suggesting that the use of ECC could enhance the beam ductility. It was also shown that the flexural cracks manifested in Beam ECC were less critical, signifying that ECC is a damage-tolerant composite. Furthermore, the overall results of predicted load-deflection and damage state obtained from Abaqus were also in a good agreement with the experimental results.
Examination of vulnerability level of buildings to earthquakes is divided into two types, the quick checks (Rapid Visual Screening, RVS) and a thorough examination. On thorough examination, it involves specialists of the field of building structures and other related fields, takes longer and is also cost much more expensive. While a quick check, it does not involve many specialists in a particular area, does not require a long time and are relatively inexpensive. This study builds an assessment of the vulnerability of buildings quickly adapted from FEMA 154 to the conditions and rules that applied in Indonesia using a smartphone application. A Global Positioning System (GPS) technology is used to mark the location of the data of the examination. The smartphone application called RViSITS is used to simplify and speed up the examination process and sent via the internet, and the server as a gathering and processing data. Furthermore, from these data do building vulnerability mapping and disaster-affected areas, which can then be accessed by the public, government and private sectors as well as database information. In this research, the RViSITS application process is to apply the application to do a quick check on the buildings in Surabaya, so that later the database and mapping vulnerability condition of buildings owned by government institutions in Surabaya against earthquake loadings can be made. While in general, this application can be used any places, so that the database and mapping the vulnerability of buildings can be held any area in Indonesia.
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