Indonesia's islands are homes to a diverse ethnic and religious group which have given rise to a large number of cultural practices. Despite their cultural wealth, Indonesian Ethnic Minorities have been facing many problems regarding their cultural heritage existence. Most of their problems occur due to the inharmonious relationship between them and the government. Therefore, cultural approach is needed as a means to bridge the gap between the indigenous groups with the government by socialising the cultural aspects in the academic environment. By doing so, people from academic environment can take part in preserving those cultures by joining some performances, learning to play traditional instruments and raising awareness in the society. As a result, people in academic environment will have a chance to show the government that those cultural heritages need to be preserved. At the same time, the Ethnic Minorities will understand that there are some people who are aware of the cultural values. In the end, the Ethnic Minorities can work hand in hand with the government in the cultural preservation and development.
Abstract This paper is aimed to review the current researches on Cold-formed steel (CFS) structures, particularly for screw connections, welded connections, bolted connections and adhesive connections. Connection presents as a major parameter of the important elements for CFS framing system in order to attain its structural stability. The performance of different CFS connections is well-discussed in order to capture the behaviour of each type of connection. Based on the review assessment, the results highlighted that all types of connections except adhesive connections have shown the proper behaviour that can trigger the change of any design codes. Otherwise, adhesive connection is given several advantages that leads a novelty in the construction technology. Hence it still has some gaps of knowledge that are needed to be filled with comprehensive future researches.Keywords cold-formed steel, connection, screw, welded, bolted, adhesive Abstrak Makalah ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji ulang penelitian terkini mengenai struktur baja berbentuk dingin (CFS), terutama untuk sambungan sekrup, sambungan las, sambungan yang dilipat dan sambungan perekat. Sambungan merupakan parameter utama elemen penting sistem pembingkaian CFS untuk mencapai stabilitas strukturalnya. Kinerja koneksi CFS yang berbeda dibahas dengan baik untuk menangkap perilaku setiap jenis koneksi. Berdasarkan penilaian review, hasilnya menyoroti bahwa semua jenis koneksi kecuali koneksi perekat telah menunjukkan perilaku yang tepat yang dapat memicu perubahan kode desain apapun. Jika tidak, koneksi perekat diberi beberapa keunggulan yang mengarah pada kebaruan dalam teknologi konstruksi. Oleh karena itu masih ada beberapa celah pengetahuan yang perlu diisi dengan penelitian masa depan yang komprehensif.Kata Kunci baja tahan dingin, sambungan, sekrup, dilas, dilipat, perekat
Fly ash (FA) is burning coal product which is used as supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) as the conjunction with cement. The use of FA is considered by its pozzolanic properties i.e. SiO2, Al2O3 and CaO to hardened concrete. The potential of FA as SCM has been well-known over the globe but that significant utilization has to be studied based on its compound’s characteristics and pozzolanic activity. For this case, the amount of FA is added 30% by mass of total cementitious material, concrete with fly ash (NFA) and another blended without FA as normal concrete (NC) made of ordinary Portland cement. This amount is indicated as dosage in moderate to high volume of FA classification. This replacement pairs with water to cement ratio (W/C) with the value of 0.47 and 0.30 e.g., NC1, NC2 and NFA1, NFA2, respectively. These W/C uses considering effect FA on water demand of concrete proportioned for equal slump. The results showed that NC2 and NFA2 in the age of 28-day inform higher compressive strength, 30% and 28%, respectively. Another indication from the comparison of NC2 and NFA2 were also in good agreement that the use of FA decrease the compressive strength around 3% to 6%.
Two small-scale reinforced concrete beams, one made of ordinary Portland cement (NC) and the other blended with supplementary material using fly ash (SMFA), were investigated to gain insights into their flexural behaviour. Class F fly ash by 15 per cent of the mass of cement was added in the concrete mix of SMFA beam, enabling the reduction of cement usage. The specimens were designed under-reinforced having low steel bar ratio and were tested under four-point bending to failure. To ensure the beam failing in flexure, the M/Vd ratio of 3.2 was customary to allow the development of flexural cracks transpired over the centre span as the load further increased. Predictions incorporating manual calculation and computer simulation using Response-2000 were also performed and compared against the experimental data. The results showed that the NC and SMFA beams were generally equivalent in terms of load-deflection response, crack pattern, and mode of failure. Nonetheless, it should be marked that the load-carrying capacity of the SMFA beam was 22 per cent higher than that of NC beam, while the deflection of the SMFA beam was found to be significantly higher. Predictions from the manual calculation and computer simulation using Response-2000 were also in good agreement with the results obtained from the experiment.
This paper presents a review of the proposed design for assessing the tensile capacity of a simply truss framing system of cold-formed steel. A series of connection tests were made to investigate the capacity of connections by its deformation and load caring capacity. Furthermore, Screw connections were compared to adhesive connections. Those were created of 1 screw to 3 installed screw using 8 mm screw. On the other hand, 50%, 75% and 100% percentage of adhesive, i.e., A3M and ASK were also added to be evaluated. As a result, the experimental condition was carried out for developing a model to predict the performance capacity of each specimen. The test specimens are a single lap C connection with one end fixed by a grip, and the other end is tensioned. Each specimen was subjected to the load maximum capacity and the load deformation behaviour. The adhesive material was made of the total area of screw connection which is controlled by the volume of its area. Further, the comparison connection was considered for the analysis of the connection capacity, which was estimated from the specimen's maximum load and the load-deformation behaviour. This research is also considered to face the problem of significant fracture mechanism and used as a further alternative solution. As a result, both adhesive materials could easily displace screw connection. ASK has a lower strength capacity than A3M but implied a better fracture mechanism. It was offered nearly similar behaviour and was suggested to evaluate the behaviour of screw-adhesive connection in advance.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.