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Chemical structure of human bone mineral was studied by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) with magic-angle spinning (MAS). Trabecular and cortical bone samples from adult subjects were compared with mineral standards: hydroxyapatite (HA), hydrated and calcined, carbonatoapatite of type B with 9 wt% of CO3(2-) (CHA-B), brushite (BRU) and mixtures of HA with BRU. Proton spectra were acquired with excellent spectral resolution provided by ultra-high speed MAS at 40 kHz. 2D 1H-31P NMR heteronuclear correlation was achieved by cross-polarization (CP) under fast MAS at 12 kHz. 31P NMR was applied with CP from protons under slow MAS at 1 kHz. Appearance of 31P rotational sidebands together with their CP kinetics were analyzed. It was suggested that the sidebands of CP spectra are particularly suitable for monitoring the state of apatite crystal surfaces. The bone samples appeared to be deficient in structural hydroxyl groups analogous to those in HA. We found no direct evidence that the HPO4(2-) brushite-like ions are present in bone mineral. The latter problem is extensively discussed in the literature. The study proves there is a similarity between CHA-B and bone mineral expressed by their similar NMR behavior.

Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) with cross polarization and magic-angle spinning (CP/MAS) Is applied to whole and processed lodgepole pine wood to Investigate the relative amounts of and interactions between the major constituents. Grinding the wood has no effect on the 13C spectrum, but ball milling converts "crystalline" cellulose to the amorphous form. Extraction with dimethyl sulfoxide or steam enriches the residue with "crystalline" cellulose. Five different lignin preparations yield fractions with distinct 13C NMR spectra. Various preparations of holocellulose, hemlcellulose,

Solid-state NMR studies on bone, bone mineral standards and collagen are reviewed. NMR spectroscopy was mostly applied to the bone mineral and confirmed that the structure resembles that of calcium carbonatoapatite of type B. Apatite in bone was found to be deficient in structural hydroxyl groups. Concentration and distribution of hydrogenphosphate and carbonate ions, and of water in apatite crystals (interior vs surface and crystal defects vs structural positions) were closely investigated. The NMR characterization of the organic matrix still remains a challenge for future research.

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The concentration of structural hydroxyl groups in the apatite mineral of enamel, dentin and cementum of healthy human teeth was estimated by reference to stoichiometric hydroxyapatite to be 73 +/- 3, 18 +/- 2 and 18 +/- 1%, respectively.

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