African American female counseling professionals contribute greatly to the multicultural growth of the counseling profession by spurring the profession's evolution and defining new paradigms and counseling activities. Despite their contributions, they face serious organizational, intrapersonal, and interpersonal challenges to their success in academia. This article seeks to elucidate the challenges to African American female counseling professionals and offers systemic and personal strategies that will facilitate the profession's evolution to culturally competent, ethical, and intentional helping orientations and worldviews.
Both internal and external factors help to determine the personality of the African American family. Personality traits of the African American family include adherence to historical values, diversity in family structure, and family communication. A review of the history of the African American family from its African roots to contemporary America is presented here.The strength of the Afi-ican American family is tied to the ways in which its members perform, based on the needs within the family itself. In accordance with these needs, the family develops its own personality, which revolves around several aspects of socialization including family communication, role development, and family structure. In addition, many families of African descent hold on to behaviors originating in their Afiican past (Obudho, 1983).
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEFamily life in Afi-ica was not only strong and powerful. but the family was also a religious and political entity that exerted great influence and was the center of African civilization (Feagin & Sikes, 1994). African heritage included strong men who were providers and protectors of the family. The father was the head of the family and the bloodline (Feagin & Sikes, 1994). According to Obudho (1983). the Afi-ican family was not without its problems, but they prospered under their own environmental conditions with their own language, culture, traditions, and values. All of this made them better equipped to deal with their problems.
The purpose of this study was to increase understanding of beliefs of substance abuse counselors regarding multiple relationships. The association between beliefs and educational level, recovery status, experience, and supervision were explored. Results showed that non-recovering individuals and individuals receiving supervision found more multiple relationship behaviors to be ethically problematic. Highest degree obtained, experience prior to licensure, and supervision prior to licensure did not contribute to beliefs regarding multiple relationship behaviors.
Students, particularly those entering college for the first time, depend on the academic advisor for guidance and support. In the role of career counselor, the advisor helps advisees define the process necessary to obtain employment and life fulfillment. Helping advisees select the courses necessary to realize their career goals is only part of that guidance. This article proposes a model for career advising based upon Super s developmental theory of career counseling.
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