Background and Aim: Antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) are added to animal feed to stimulate growth and increase livestock productivity. However, the regular use of antibiotics in animal diets has a considerable contribution to the occurrence of antibiotic resistance in livestock and humans. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum), turmeric (Curcuma domestica), and wild ginger (Curcuma xanthorrhiza), Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactobacillus brevis as an alternative to AGPs. Materials and Methods: The antibacterial activities and probiotic stimulatory effects of herbs were screened through the disc diffusion method and optical densitometry. The inhibitory ability of probiotics against pathogens was also tested through the disc diffusion method. The adhesion ability of probiotics was tested by mixing the optimal herbal combinations with broiler intestinal epithelial cells (105 cells/ml). The cells were then subjected to Gram staining, and the number of adherent bacteria was calculated. Results: The test results showed that 3.13% ethanolic wild ginger extract had the highest inhibitory activity against Salmonella Enteritidis, followed by ethanolic red ginger extract and aqueous wild ginger extract at the same concentration. The three extracts also supported the growth of L. acidophilus and L. brevis. Further tests showed that the combination of 3.13% ethanolic red ginger extract had the highest inhibitory activity against S. Enteritidis, followed by ethanolic and aqueous wild ginger extract at the same concentration. The three extracts also supported the growth of L. acidophilus and L. brevis. Further tests showed that the combination of 3.13% ethanolic red ginger extract and 3.13% aqueous wild ginger extract had the best inhibitory effect on the growth of S. Enteritidis. The stimulatory effect of the combinations of herbal extract on the growth of L. acidophilus (0.18±0.00) and L. brevis (0.21±0.01) was better than those of individual extract, positive controls, and the glucose control. L. acidophilus and L. brevis had a weak inhibitory effect on the growth of S. Enteritidis (<6 mm). The adhesion ability of L. acidophilus (420.00±28.21) and L. brevis (259.33±24.03) was stronger than that of S. Enteritidis (202.00±14.00) under treatment with combined extracts. Conclusion: The tested combinations of herbs and probiotics can adhere to the intestinal tract. Given this characteristic, herb and probiotic combinations may be developed as an alternative to conventional AGPs.

Shrimp is one of the main export commodities in Indonesia which has the potential to have bioactive compounds. Shrimp waste contains carotenoids, one of which is astaxanthin, a red-orange xanthophyll carotenoid which has potential pharmacological effects including anti-inflammatory. The purpose of this study was to test the anti-inflammatory activity of astaxanthin extract from Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp waste against the decrease in the number of neutrophils and lymphocytes in carrageenin-injected white rats. Tests carried out in this study include extraction, qualitative tests using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), Salkowski test, quantitative tests using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), purification using column chromatography, and preclinical tests using edema models of white rat feet with 1% carrageenin injection and various doses of the fraction given were 50 mg / kgBW, 100 mg / kgBW and 150 mg / kgBW, positive control (celexocib 18 mg / kgBW) and a negative control (propylene glycol 1 ml). The relative values of neutrophils and lymphocytes per 100 cells were statistically analyzed using SPSS, with a repeated measure ANOVA for the parametric test and Friedman test for the non-parametric test. The results showed that Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp waste extract contained terpenoids and astaxanthin with concentrations of 0.52 mg/gr crude extract and 220.77 mg/g fraction. The results of parametric and non-parametric analysis (p> 0.05) showed that there was no significant difference between each treatment in the decrease of the relative value of neutrophils and lymphocytes, at 0, 4 and 8 hour. The relative value of neutrophils and lymphocytes was still within the normal limit, which might also indicate that fraction did not change the relative value of neutrophils and lymphocytes which can cause neutrophilia (increased neutrophils) or neutropenia (decreased neutrophils) and lymphocytopenia (decreased lymphocytes) or ..........

Aim: Infectious coryza is caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum. In Indonesia, this infection results in a 10%-40% decrease in egg production by laying hens. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of tetravalent coryza vaccine contained A. paragallinarum bacterin serovars A, B, C2, and C3; strain A-221, B-Spross, C2-Modesto, and C-3-Akko in layers based on antibody titer and clinical signs using a post-challenge test. Materials and Methods: Forty four-week-old Lohmanns strain chickens were used in this study. Forty chickens were divided into four groups for serological and challenge test: Group 1 (unvaccinated and challenged by A. paragallinarum serovar A), Group 2 (unvaccinated and challenged by A. paragallinarum serovar B), Group 3 (vaccinated and challenged by A. paragallinarum serovar A), and Group 4 (vaccinated and challenged by A. paragallinarum serovar B). Vaccination was done using the tetravalent vaccine in oil-emulsion adjuvant contained A. paragallinarum bacterin serovars A, B, C2, and C3; strain A-221, B-Spross, C2-Modesto, and C-3-Akko. Vaccination was performed at day 1 and booster was done at day 14. Blood serum was collected on days 0, 14, and 28 for the hemagglutination-hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. The challenge test was given at day 29 through intranasal administration using A. paragallinarum serovars A-L2447 and B-L1710 approximately 6×108 CFU/mL. Clinical signs were observed for 14 days post-infection. At the end of the study, chickens were euthanized, and pathological features of the infraorbital sinus, facial skin, and trachea were recorded. Results: Data analysis of antibody titers and pathological changes was performed descriptively, while clinical symptom scores were analyzed non-parametrically with the Mann–Whitney U-test using SPSS version 21. At days 14 and 28 post-vaccination, the antibody titer in Group 3 was 5 HI and 20 HI, respectively. However, the antibody titers in Group 4 at 28 days post-vaccination were 0 HI. Clinical observations, the vaccinated groups that were challenged with A. paragallinarum serovars A and B showed clinical symptoms on days 4 and 6 post-infection, namely mild unilateral facial edema and severe bilateral facial edema, respectively. Clinical signs in Groups 3 and 4 were less severe than in Groups 1 and 2 (p<0.05). Pathological examination findings supported clinical observations and serological testing. Conclusion: Tetravalent coryza vaccine in chickens has efficacy to protect against the challenge test of A. paragallinarum serovars A and B isolated from Indonesia.

With the prohibition of the use of Antibiotic growth promotors (AGP) used in animal feed, especially in broilers, the use of feed additives such as herbs, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics or mixtures of some of these ingredients is currently widely used as feed replacements for AGP substitutes. One of the commercial feed additives that contain combinations herbal and probiotics is Promix®. In broiler maintenance, one vaccine that must be given is Newcastle Disease (ND) vaccine. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of supplementation of commercial feed combination of herbs and probiotics in broilers given ND vaccines. A total of 42 broilers were divided into two, group A (vaccinated with ND) and B (not vaccinated ND), each with 21 heads. Group A is divided into groups A1, A2 and A3 each with 7 heads. The A1 group is given only basal feed; A2 basal feed and AGP; A3 basal feed and Promix®. Group B is divided by B1, B2 and B3 same as group A before. Broilers are maintained for 5 weeks and weighing each week. All data obtained were statistically analyzed using One Way ANOVA and continued with Duncan's post hoc test. The results of this study were that the group of chickens given the ND vaccine and given supplements of Promix® had greater weight gain (P˂0.05) compared to the AGP and basal groups in the fifth week while in the group of chickens that were not given the ND vaccine but given supplement Promix® feed had greater weight gain (P˂0.05) compared to the AGP and basal groups in the fourth week. In the fifth week there was no significant difference (P˂0.05) between all feed groups in the group not given the ND vaccine. The conclusion of this study that feed additives contain combinations herbal and probiotics can replace AGP as feed additive in broiler. By giving ND vaccine the weight gain of the feed group plus Promix® showed a significant increase in weight gain.

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is a cause of colibacillosis in poultry, one of the respiratory disease that causes serious problems in the poultry industry. The APEC can cause high mortality and culling, decreased production, and high costs of treatment. Manifestations of colibacillosis are airsacculitis, perihepatitis, and pericarditis. The APEC serotypes that are widely identified in the field are O1K1, O2K1, and O78K80. Embryo lethality assay (ELA) is a method for determine the virulence of APEC serotypes. The aim of this study was to determine the virulence characteristic of APEC isolates. Five APEC serotypes O1K1, O2K1, O78K80, O157H7, and unknown serotype were used for ELA method by inoculated E. coli into chorioallantoic of specific pathogen free 12-days old embryos. Each group of 10 embryos, inoculated E. coli dose of 100-500 CFU/ 0,1 ml. Candling was carried out for 6 days (18-days old embryo) to determined the mortality and pathological lesions. The percentage of embryo mortality post-inoculated with APEC O1K1, O2K1, unknown serotypes were 100% (10/10), O78K80 serotype was 90% (9/10), and O157H7 serotype was 70% (70%). Lesions of all embryos were cranial and extremity hemorrhage. In this study, E. coli isolates had high virulence.

One of the feed additives that have long been used is Antibiotic Growth Promoter (AGP). But nowadays, the use of AGP as a growth promoter has been banned because it has negative impacts such as antimicrobial resistance. Campylobacter jejuni is a pathogenic bacterium that often infects birds, especially broilers. This research aims to investigate the role of synbiotic composed of a prebiotic, and Saccharomyces sp. and Lactobacillus sp. as probiotics (commercial products) in performance of broilers challenged with C. jejuni as a substitute for AGP. Twenty-one Day Old Chicks (DOC) of Cobb-strain broilers were divided into three groups, each consisting of 7 chicks. Group I was given basal diets, group II was given basal diets and AGP (with 250 g/ton of enramycin), and group III was given basal diets and synbiotic (100 gram/100 kg). C. jejuni challenge test was carried out at the 3 rd week. The results suggested that at week 4, group III showed more and significantly different body weight from that of group I, but it did not differ significantly from that of group II. Similarly, at week 4 the weight gain of group III was higher and significantly different compared to that of group I, but did not differ significantly from that of group II. Also, the carcass percentage at week 5 did not differ significantly among the groups, but group III had a higher percentage of carcasses than groups I and II. The addition of synbiotic can replace AGP as a feed additive because it can improve the performance of broilers challenged by C. jejuni.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder that has become a major health problem worldwide. Reproductive dysfunction is one of the main complications of DM, particularly in men. However, as is known, shrimp shell extract contains nutrients, such as astaxanthin, that affect reproductive traits. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of shrimp shell extract on the volume, weight, and histological features of the testes of a DM rat model. Fifteen adult male rats were randomly divided into three groups. Group A (n = 5) was a healthy control group, group B (n = 5) was a DM control group, and group C (n = 5) was a DM group treated with shrimp shell extract. Rats in groups B and C were treated with streptozotocin to induce DM. Rats in group C were given shrimp shell extract at 25 mg/kg body weight for 30 consecutive days after DM induction. Testicles were collected and submitted to dimension, weight, and histological examinations. The testicle volume and weight of rats in group C were significantly higher and heavier, respectively, than rats in group B and did not differ from rats in group A. The seminiferous tubule diameter of rats in group C was significantly larger than rats in group B and did not differ from rats in group A. Rats in group B had a lower testicle volume and lighter testicle weight as well as a shorter seminiferous tubule diameter than rats in groups A and C. In conclusion, shrimp shell extract could improve male fertility parameters in a DM rat model. However, the mechanism of action needs to be studied further.

Infectious coryza (IC) adalah penyakit bakterial yang menyerang saluran pernapasan ayam, yang dapat bersifat akut sampai kronis yang disebabkan Avibacterium paragallinarum. IC merusak saluran pernapasan bagian atas, terutama rongga hidung. Pengamatan perubahan makroskopik pada embrio yang mengalami kematian setelah inokulasi pada telur ayam berembrio (TAB) specific pathogenic free (SPF) sebagai salah satu karakteristik isolat A. paragallinarum belum banyak dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik isolat A. paragallinarum melalui inokulasi pada telur ayam berembrio TAB SPF umur 7 hari. TAB SPF umur 7 hari berjumlah 50 butir dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok masing-masing terdiri dari 10 butir yaitu kelompok kontrol negatif, A. paragallinarum serotipe A/221; serotipe B/Spross; serotipe B/2448; dan serotipe C/2447. Bakteri terlebih dahulu dikultur pada media cair dan diinkubasi selama 24 jam pada suhu 37oC. Suspensi bakteri dengan volume 0,2 ml (6x108 cfu/ml) diinjeksikan pada TAB SPF, diinkubasi pada suhu 37oC dan diamati adanya kematian sebanyak 2 kali sehari. Embrio yang mati dilakukan skoring perubahan makroskopik. Embrio yang berasal dari TAB SPF pada kelompok yang diinokulasi A. paragallinarum serotipe A/ 221, B/Spross, B/2448, and C/2447 mengalami hemoragi dan kekerdilan. Keseluruhan isolat A. paragallinarum bersifat patogen pada telur ayam berembrio.