This chapter is a brief review of research and developments in the fi eld of fl ame retardant textiles. The review focuses mainly on the currently available fl ame retardant solutions for different kinds of textiles. It gives insights into the general mode of action of fl ame retardants, types of fl ame retardant fi bers, fl ame retardant additives for fi bers and surface treatments and standard test methods for fl ame retardant textiles. The existing commercial fl ame retardant treatments for textiles are over 50 years old and some of them have created environmental concerns. Over the past few decades there have been considerable developments in inherently fl ame retardant synthetic fi bers but effective and environmentally friendly fl ame retardant coatings or fi nishing solutions for textiles still elude us.
In this paper, information is given about the investigation of the dielectric properties of bionanocomposites modified with fish bones (FBs) and scales and metal nanoparticles (Al, Fe) with 50–80 nm dimension before and after ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, depending on the temperature, the irradiation time and the volume content of fillers. The investigations of dielectric permittivity and dielectric loss were carried out in the temperature range 300–390 K, the time of irradiation with UV rays were 50, 100, 70 and 150 h, and the filler contents were 3, 5, 7, 10, 15 vol.% and nanoparticles 1 vol.% Al (Fe). It was found that the dielectric constant of UV-irradiated biocomposites with FB additives increases and the dielectric loss decreases. An increase in dielectric constant is also observed with an increase in the volume content of a biological origin filler. Note that the effect of UV irradiation causes the appearance of a new region of dielectric loss in the temperature-dependent tan[Formula: see text] of the polyethylene. However, in modified samples after irradiation, under the same conditions, the change in dielectric properties is much less pronounced than in the initial ones, i.e. the dielectric constant increases monotonically, and the value of tan[Formula: see text] in the maximum of the new loss region is much smaller. Moreover, the effect of the additive is manifested in slowing down the process of LDPE oxidation in the irradiation zone, since the main losses of the polyethylene are primarily caused by the relaxation of the carbonyl groups. Thus, the observed dependences of [Formula: see text] and tan[Formula: see text] on the time of exposure to UV rays are explained by a change in the physical structure of the polymer matrix and the boundary layer of the components composition under the action of charges formed during irradiation.
We study polymeric-based composite materials with nanostructured metal filler and bio-filler; they protect the material from environmental influences, including oxidation, and give the required flexibility to the composite, subject to biocompatibility. Composites were obtained from a homogeneous mixture of the powders of the matrix components and the filler using a heated press at a temperature of 420 K and a pressure of 15 MPa. The quenching crystallization mode is the rapid cooling of samples in a water–ice mixture. The results of a study of IR spectra taken with a Fourier spectrometer Varian 640 FT-IR, high-pressure polyethylene composites modified with biological filler, and LDPE [Formula: see text] vol.% FS [Formula: see text] vol.% Fe bio-nanocomposites in the frequency range 4000–400 cm[Formula: see text] were presented. It was revealed that the introduction of modifiers from fish scales (FS) and metallic nanoparticles (Fe) in LDPE in an optimal amount does not contribute to the appearance of new absorption bands, i.e. it practically does not change the shape of their IR spectrum. This means that the modifier of biological origin is technologically compatible with LDPE. The introduction of fish scale filler to LDPE contributes to a noticeable decrease in the intensity of the formation of C–O groups (1720 cm[Formula: see text]), which is a measure of the oxidative degradation of polymer chains. The results show that the introduction of FS into the structures of high-pressure polyethylene contributes to the formation of an optimal and stable structure, which, in turn, interferes with the intensive development of the photooxidative process caused by UV irradiation.
The paper presents the results of a study of the effect of fish bone additives on the development of dendrites in low-density polyethylene during its breakdown. It was found that with the introduction of additives from fish bone in an optimal amount it promotes an increase in the induction period of the appearance of dendrites in lowdensity polyethylene, due to a slowdown in the process of the appearance of local heating near the tip in a strong electric field and the appearance of an initial defect due to thermal decomposition of the polymer.
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