Aims:This cross-sectional study was conducted to correlate the clinical picture, causative factors of leukoplakia with its histopathology in the patients of Garhwal hill region.Materials and Methods:The study was carried out on indoor and outdoor patients of Department of Otorhinolaryngology, HNB Base Hospital, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand. Patients were interviewed by a predesigned questionnaire and clinically examined. Finally, histopathological examination was done by using proper technique.Statistical Analysis:The data were analyzed by using SPSS version 15.Results:The sample consisted of 90 patients were evaluated. Minimum age of presentation was 18 years while the maximum was 65 years. The majority of patients were in age group of 31-40 years, with male predominance. Majority of cases were of minimum dysplasia and minimum of carcinoma in situ (CIS). Buccal mucosa is the most common site for leukoplakia, while hard palate is the least common site. One case of CIS was reported in buccal mucosa, while two cases of CIS were found in specialized mucosa. Smoking and pan masala (in both types with or without tobacco mixed) had a direct relation with the histological type of leukoplakia, as the amount and duration of consumption increased, the severity of dysplasia increased.Conclusions:Majority of cases were males in age group of 31-40 years. Probably, it was due to the addiction to smoking and pan masala started early in this region. Severity of dysplasia was related to the amount and duration of exposure to smoking and pan masala. Buccal mucosa was commonly involved because of general human tendency of keeping pan masala in buccal region for a long duration.
Objective: A prospective study was conducted in the department of ENT to see the incidence, Prevalence, Symptoms, signs and etiopathogenesis in relation to ophthalmic manifestations in ENT diseases and various ENT surgical procedures (iatrogenic
I. Material And MethodsThe present prospective study was carried out in Department of otorhinolaryngology of N.S.C.B. Medical College, Jabalpur during period of July 1st 2008 to June 30th 2009, and comprised of 35 cases. The cases were selected from IN and OUT patients Of the Department, who had orbital complications due to various ENT diseases and ENT surgical procedures. The patient was made comfortable and a detailed history of his /her complaints was taken under the various heading mentioned in the proforma. The standard procedure of otolaryngological and ophthalmic examination was carried out on each patient. Initial clinical examination of orbit was done in ENT department then referred to ophthalmology for further assessment. Beside routine hematological investigations, thyroid function test, radiological investigations like x ray skull, PNS, orbit, CT SCAN of head and neck, FNAC and biopsy for histopathology were done. After making diagnosis the proper management was done.
II. Result EtiopathogenesisTotal, 35 cases of orbital complications were reported in ENT Department. Out of which, 29 cases were due to various ENT diseases and 6 cases were iatrogenic, caused by various ENT surgical procedures. Commonest ENT disease responsible for orbital complications was various sinonasal tumors, comprising 19 cases, in which Ca maxilla constituted 7 cases, angiofibroma 3 cases, sinonasal inverted papilloma and lymphoma 2 cases each, Olfactory neuroblastoma,midline granuloma,and rhinosporodiosis 1 case each.Fungal Sinonasal infections constituted 2 cases, Bacterial Sinonasal infections constituted 1 case. Atrophic rhinitis with nasal myasis constituted one case, Facial palsies due to various reasons constitued 4 cases. Grave disease constituted 2 cases and Iatrogenic cases were 6 in number.
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