Study over the clinical picture and histopathology of leukoplakia and to establish the correlation between causative factors in the patients of Garhwal hill region

Abstract

Aims:This cross-sectional study was conducted to correlate the clinical picture, causative factors of leukoplakia with its histopathology in the patients of Garhwal hill region.Materials and Methods:The study was carried out on indoor and outdoor patients of Department of Otorhinolaryngology, HNB Base Hospital, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand. Patients were interviewed by a predesigned questionnaire and clinically examined. Finally, histopathological examination was done by using proper technique.Statistical Analysis:The data were analyzed by using SPSS version 15.Results:The sample consisted of 90 patients were evaluated. Minimum age of presentation was 18 years while the maximum was 65 years. The majority of patients were in age group of 31-40 years, with male predominance. Majority of cases were of minimum dysplasia and minimum of carcinoma in situ (CIS). Buccal mucosa is the most common site for leukoplakia, while hard palate is the least common site. One case of CIS was reported in buccal mucosa, while two cases of CIS were found in specialized mucosa. Smoking and pan masala (in both types with or without tobacco mixed) had a direct relation with the histological type of leukoplakia, as the amount and duration of consumption increased, the severity of dysplasia increased.Conclusions:Majority of cases were males in age group of 31-40 years. Probably, it was due to the addiction to smoking and pan masala started early in this region. Severity of dysplasia was related to the amount and duration of exposure to smoking and pan masala. Buccal mucosa was commonly involved because of general human tendency of keeping pan masala in buccal region for a long duration.

Estimation of salivary matrix metalloproteinase-9 in oral leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis, and healthy individuals: a comparative observational study

“…The gender distribution for OSMF was reported as 60% and 40% between males and females, which was in accordance with studies conducted by Shivam et al and Kumar et al [15,21]. Similarly for oral leukoplakia, gender distribution was recorded as 95% and 5% between males and females as reported by Bisht et al and Gopinath et al [22,23], respectively.…”

Oral leukoplakia: demographic, clinical and histopathological characteristics

“…The mean rate of smoking was 28.44 ± 34.63 packs per year. Therefore, in accordance with the literature, smoking was one of the most important risk factors found in our study.In a study reported by Bisht et al, from India, 26 of the 90 OL patients (18.9%) chewed tobacco 15. In our study, 3 male patients (3.8%) had a tobacco chewing habit.In the study of Starzynska et al, 40.49% (n=83) of patients drank alcohol 13.…”

Immunohistochemical Detection of Ebv in Oral Leukoplakia.

“…13,14 Also, it causes deficiency in local immune defenses thereby leading to increased shedding of EBV from natural reservoirs. 17 EBV expression was also related to advanced stages of epithelial dysplasia as is evident from the observation that EBV is expressed more in subjects with moderate dysplasia (86.9%) as compared to mild dysplasia (45.7%). The findings were in accordance with study by Rensberg et al 1995 24 and Cruz et al 1997 23 who reported up regulation of EBV expression in dysplasia and carcinoma.…”

“…The discrepancies in prevalence rate may be attributed to the method of sample collection and technique of detection, as oral smears, scrapings, and throat washings seem to give a higher EBV prevalence. 17 The present study evaluated EBV expressivity at different sites in oral cavity and it was found that 67.2% of the leukoplakic lesions involving buccal mucosa showed EBV expression. This observation is in concurrence with study conducted by Cruz et al 1997.…”

“…These observations with habit, gender and age are in concurrence with the study conducted by Birur et al 2014, 16 and Bisht et al 2016. 17 The predominant form noticed was Homogenous OL (63.3%) with buccal mucosa most common site for its occurrence (92.1%). 16 The association of EBV can be best studied by demonstration of its expressivity at the lesion site, hence in the present study was an attempt to demonstrate the expressivity of EBV in the biopsy specimen of oral leukoplakia by immunohistochemistry which is one of the most specific method for its detection in early stages and can also distinguish latent from replicative infection based on the expression profiles.…”