The remarkable mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes, such as high elastic modulus and tensile strength, make them the most ideal and promising reinforcements in substantially enhancing the mechanical properties of resulting polymer/carbon nanotube composites. It is acknowledged that the mechanical properties of the composites are significantly influenced by interfacial interactions between nanotubes and polymer matrices. The current challenge of the application of nanotubes in the composites is hence to determine the mechanical properties of the interfacial region, which is critical for improving and manufacturing the nanocomposites. In this work, a new method for evaluating the elastic properties of the interfacial region is developed by examining the fracture behavior of carbon nanotube reinforced poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix composites under tension using molecular dynamics simulations. The effects of the aspect ratio of carbon nanotube reinforcements on the elastic properties, i.e. Young's modulus and yield strength, of the interfacial region and the nanotube/polymer composites are investigated. The feasibility of a three-phase micromechanical model in predicting the elastic properties of the nanocomposites is also developed based on the understanding of the interfacial region.

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A review and critique of different laminate theories used for the modeling and analysis of laminated composite beams or plate structures is presented. Many finite-element models use classical laminate theory (CLT), also known as first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT), for the numerical simulation of active structures. The basic assumptions of this model have evolved from those proposed for composite laminate models and are based on thin-plate theory with resulting approximations for the elastic displacement, stress and strain components. In the case of piezoelectric laminates, the approximations spill over into the electric potential and electric field components. No studies and simulations have been documented for the dynamical electromechanical field variations through the thickness of the laminate structure at the resonant frequencies of the structure. This is essential to the understanding of the validity and range of applicability of thin-plate assumptions for active vibration control of structures. On the one hand, thin-plate models result in a computationally tractable model for smart structures, but they should not compromise on the electromechanical coupling effect, which is at the basis of active control. This paper first presents a three-dimensional (3D) complete field solution for active laminates based on a modal, Fourier series solution approach that is used to compute all the through-thickness electromechanical fields near the dominant resonance frequency of a beam plate with two piezoelectric (sensor and actuator) and one structural layers. Then a detailed review of the extant laminate models used for piezoelectric laminates, emphasizing the underlying assumptions in each case, is presented. The non-zero, through-thickness field components are computed under these assumptions. The results of the 3D model and FSDT model are compared for two aspect ratios ((ARs)-thickness-to-width of the layers). An AR of 20 is at the limit of the FSDT and an AR of 50 well within the assumptions of the FSDT. It is concluded that for moderate ARs, several of the approximations of the FSDT are questionable at resonance frequencies. A detailed set of pertinent and general references to papers dealing with piezoelectric laminates is also included. It is hoped that this study will be a reference source for those who want to use FSDT and for those want to understand the dynamical behavior of the internal fields in a smart laminate.

A nonlocal continuum mechanics model is developed and applied to study the vibration of both single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) and double-walled nanotubes (DWNTs) via elastic beam theories. The small-scale effects on vibration characteristics of carbon nanotubes are explicitly derived through a complete mechanics analysis. A qualitative validation study shows that the results based on nonlocal continuum mechanics are in agreement with the published experimental reports in this field. Numerical simulations are conducted to quantitatively show the small-scale effect on vibrations of both SWNTs and DWNTs with different lengths and diameters.

The design and development of a compact wireless gas sensor with a surface modified multiwalled carbon nanotube (f-CNT) chemiresistor as the sensing element is presented in this paper. f-CNT/polymer composite sensing film is patterned on a printed circuit board and is integrated to the wireless system. The change in resistance of the CNT/polymer composite film due to exposure of different gases is utilized as the principle of this gas sensor. The response for different organic vapors are evaluated and it is observed that the f-CNT/PMMA composite film shows fast response and change in resistance of the order of 10 2-10 3 due to its surface modification.

This paper reports a new fabrication of multifunctional nanowire bioscaffolds directly on titanium (Ti) through a simple and scale-up easy hydrothermal reaction of alkali with the Ti metal without using any seeds, templates, TiO 2 powder, or stabilizers. The nanowires root firmly inside the Ti substrate and grow on top to eventually self-assemble into macroporous scaffolds. The effects of the alkali concentration, reaction time, and temperature on the bioscaffold morphologies were investigated. The novel solid-state chemistry for the nanowires' downward/upward co-growth and the accompanied self-assembly were tackled. Thus-formed coating of scaffolds on the metal implant surface, mimicking the natural extracellular matrix in structure, can promote cell adhesion and proliferation on Ti implant and perform controlled on-site drug release and photocatalytic sterilization.

Finite element modelling is used to study the response of plate structures on which piezoelectric active devices are mounted. Such devices are typically small in relation to the size of the structure which can be modelled as a plate or shell structure. In modelling the response of such devices, it is necessary to use a detailed model of the device but to do the same for the whole structure is computationally expensive and unnecessary. Full three‐dimensional elements are used to model the piezoelectric devices because such devices are anisotropic, couple electric and elastic fields and satisfy boundary conditions independently on the two fields. Shell elements, approximated by many flat‐shell elements are used in modelling the structure. Transition elements have been derived to connect the three‐dimensional solid elements in the piezoelectric region to the flat‐shell elements used for the plate. This approach has merits in terms of accuracy in modelling the piezoelectric device and computational economy for the plate structure. The use of shell elements is preferred for the structure since brick elements lead to unnatural stiffening of the plate and artificially high natural frequencies. The aspect ratio of the transition elements are first optimized through a numerical study and the sensor and actuator performance of the devices is then verified. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.