“…This is known as the extension actuation mechanism (EAM). Consequently, most of the existing refined models incorporating advanced kinematics and two-way electromechanical coupling also consider the extension mode piezoelectric elements; see, for example, the review articles of Saravanos and Heyliger [1999], Gopinathan et al [2000] and . Coupled discrete layer theories (DLT) Keywords: extension mode, shear mode, zigzag theory, finite element, hybrid beam, dynamics, piezoelectricity, electric node.…”