Background: Manipulation of the follicular phase uterine epithelium in women undergoing infertility treatment, has not generally shown differing morphological effects on uterine epithelial characteristics using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and resultant pregnancy rates have remained suboptimal utilising these manipulations. The present study observed manipulation of the proliferative epithelium, with either 7 or 14 days of sequential oestrogen (E) therapy followed by progesterone (P) and assessed the appearance of pinopods (now called uterodomes) for their usefulness as potential implantation markers in seven women who subsequently became pregnant. Three endometrial biopsies per patient were taken during consecutive cycles: day 19 of a natural cycle -(group 1), days 11/12 of a second cycle after 7 days E then P -(group 2), and days 19/22 of a third cycle after 14 days E then P -(group 3). Embryo transfer (ET) was performed in a subsequent long treatment cycle (as per Group 3).

Science has made remarkable advances in understanding the molecular basis of disease, generating new and effective rationally-designed treatments at an accelerating rate. Ironically, the successes of science is creating a crisis in the affordability of equitable health care. The COVID-19 pandemic underscores both the value of science in health care, and the apparently inevitable tension between health and the economy. Drug development in ever-smaller target populations is a critical component of the rising costs of care. For structural and historical reasons, drug development is inefficient and poorly integrated across the public and private sectors. We postulate an alternative, integrated model in which governments and industry share the risks and benefits of drug development. The Australian government recently announced support for a AU$185 million innovative multi-stakeholder public-private partnership model for sustainable precision oncology, accelerating biomarker-dependent drug development through integrating clinical trials into the standard of care.

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Background: Uterine luminal epithelial cell response to different hormonal strategies was examined to determine commonality when an endometrium attains a receptive, stimulated, morphological profile that may lead to successful implantation.