The significantly improved setting characteristics and low genotoxic risk of the new material support further research.

Evaluation of cytotoxicity and inflammatory response indicated better biocompatibility of CS and HA-CS, in comparison with MTA (White MTA, Angelus(®) Soluções Odontológicas, Londrina, Brazil).

The aim of the study was to investigate rat connective tissue response to a new calcium silicate system 7, 15, 30 and 60 days after implantation. Twenty Wistar albino male rats received two tubes half-filled with a new calcium silicate system (NCSS) or MTA in subcutaneous tissue. The empty half of the tubes served as controls. Five animals were sacrificed after 7, 15, 30 and 60 days and samples of the subcutaneous tissue around implanted material were submitted to histological analysis. The intensity of inflammation was evaluated based on the number of inflammatory cells present. Statistical analysis was performed using one way ANOVA and Holm Sidak's multiple comparison tests. Mild to moderate inflammatory reaction was observed after 7, 15 and 30 days around a NCSS while mild inflammatory reaction was detected after 60 days of implantation. In the MTA group, mild to moderate inflammatory reaction was found after 7 and 15 days while mild inflammatory reaction was present after 30 and 60 days. There was no statistically significant difference in the intensity of inflammatory reactions between the tested materials and control groups in any experimental period (ANOVA p>0.05). Regarding the intensity of inflammatory reactions at different experimental periods, a statistically significant difference was observed between 7 and 30 days, 7 and 60 days and 15 to 60 days for both materials. For the controls, a statistically significant difference was found between 7 and 60 days and 15 and 60 days of the experiment (Holm Sidak < p 0.001). Subcutaneous tissue of rats showed good tolerance to a new calcium silicate system. Inflammatory reaction was similar to that caused by MTA. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 172026

Objective To determine color changes in bulk‐fill composite and universal composite restorations with dissimilar dentin replacement materials in extracted teeth after staining in red wine. Materials and Methods Cylindrical, 4 mm deep, class I cavities were prepared in 140 human molars. Bottom 2 mm was restored with Biodentine (Septodont), everX posterior (GC) or experimental HAP inserts. Each dentin replacement material was covered with a 2‐mm layer of a universal composite Filtek Z250 or Z550 (3M ESPE) or Gradia Posterior (GC). Groups combining top composite layer and the underlying dentin replacement were designated as “composite_dentin replacement.” Filtek Bulk Fill (3M ESPE) and Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill (Ivoclar Vivadent) were placed as a single 4‐mm layer. Color measurements were performed using Vita Easyshade 4.0 (Vita Zahnfabrik) initially and after 48‐hours storage in red wine at 37°C. Results Color differences (ΔEoo) ranged between 2.1 ± 0.7 (Z250_HAP) and 7.8 ± 1.1 (Z550_everX). EverX resulted in higher ΔEoo of the overlying composite than HAP (P < .001) and Biodentine (P = .006). Generally, ΔEoo was affected more by decreasing lightness (ΔL′) than changes in chroma (ΔC′). Conclusions EverX resulted in higher ΔEoo of the restoration than Biodentine and experimental HAP after staining in red wine. No significant differences in ΔEoo may be expected in different composites with the same underlying dentin replacement material. The same was generally true for bulk‐fill and universal composites. Clinical Significance Similar extent of color changes may be expected in bulk‐fill and universal composites. Highly translucent everX might exhibit greater color differences irrespective of the capping composite than non‐translucent materials. Clinicians have a wider choice of composite materials to cover a particular dentin replacement material, for example, everX or Biodentine, as similar color differences may be expected in various overlying composite brands.

Introduction. Postoperative pain may develop after chemomechanical preparation during endodontic treatment or retreatment. It is associated with acute apical periodontitis caused by bacteria penetrated from the root canal into the periapical tissue. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of postoperative pain during endodontic treatment after intracanal medication performed with calcium hydroxide (CH) paste or 1% chlorhexidine gel (CHX). Material and Methods. The study included 22 asymptomatic teeth in both male and female patients. Fourteen teeth had the diagnosis of pulp necrosis and the other eight were retreatment cases. The root canals were prepared by crown-down technique using K files and copious irrigation with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Intracanal dressing was performed using either calcium hydroxide paste or 1% CHX gel. Each medicament was placed in the root canals of eleven randomly selected teeth. The teeth were restored with temporary filling. Postoperative pain was registered during the seven day period between two appointments. The level of pain was rated as follows: no pain, mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain (flare-up). The obtained data was analyzed using Fisher exact test. The level of significance was α=0.05. Results. Postoperative pain was absent in 77.3% of total number of treated teeth. Severe pain (flare-up) was registered in 2 cases (9%). There was no significant difference in pain incidence between the CH paste and CHX gel group (p=0.610). Conclusion. Endodontic procedure used in this study which considered root canal instrumentation and irrigation followed by intracanal medication with CH and CHX resulted in low incidence of postoperative pain

Introduction/Objective Development of materials which could be used as biological bone substitutes is one of the most valuable and active fields of biomaterial research. The goal of the study was to research the reaction of tissue on calcium silicate-(CS) and hydroxyapatitebased (CS-HA) newly synthesized nanomaterials, after being implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of a rats and direct pulp capping of rabbit teeth. Methods The tested materials were implanted in 40 Wistar male rats, sacrificed after seven, 15, 30, and 60 days. The direct pulp capping was performed on the teeth of rabbits. Cavities were prepared on the vestibular surface of the incisors. The animals were sacrificed after 10 and 15 days. The control material was mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). Histological analysis covered the tracking of inflammatory reaction cellular components, presence of gigantic cells, and necrosis of the tissue. Results Seven days after the implantation, the strongest inflammatory response was given by the MTA (3.3 ± 0.48), while CS and CS-HA scored 3 ± 0.71. After 60 days, the rate of inflammatory reactions dropped, which was the least visible with CS-HA (0.2 ± 0.45). The least visible inflammatory reaction of the rabbits' pulp tissue was spotted with the CS (1.83 ± 0.75), than with the MTA and CS-HA (2.67 ± 1.53, 3 ± 0.63). Conclusion The newly synthesized materials caused a slight reaction of the subcutaneous tissue. CS-HA showed the best tissue tolerance. Nanostructural biomaterials caused a slight to moderate inflammatory reaction of the rabbits' pulp tissue only in the immediate vicinity of the implanted material.

<p><strong>Objective. </strong>To investigate the level and causes of stress and the risk of onset of burnout syndrome among physicians employed at the Primary Health Care Centre, Banja Luka.</p><p><strong>Subjects and Methods. </strong>Between March 1, 2018, and May 31, 2018 all physicians from the Primary Health Care Centre, Banja Luka were offered the following questionnaires to fill in: a socio-demographic questionnaire, a questionnaire for self-assessment of the level of stress and the Maslach Burnout Inventory for assessment of the risk of burnout syndrome. <strong>Results. </strong>Out of 211 physicians, 85.8% were female. A high level of stress was found in 77.7% of the subjects. Older doctors had higher levels of emotional exhaustion compared to younger doctors with a shorter length of service (r=0.236, P=0.01). Emotional exhaustion was significantly correlated with a high level of depersonalization, a low level of personal accomplishment and a high level of stress (r=0.380, r=-0.174 and r=0.574, P=0.01, P=0.04 and P&lt;0.01, respectively). Depersonalization correlated with a low level of personal accomplishment and stress (r=-0.347 and r=0.283, P&lt;0.01 and P=0.01, respectively), while the level of personal accomplishment was in a negative correlation with stress (r=-0.281, P=0.01). A high stress level was associated with a high degree of emotional exhaustion (OR 56.543; 95% CI 11.35-213.09; P&lt;0.001) as well as lack of personal accomplishment (OR 0.155; 95% CI 0.04-0.50; P=0.003).</p><p><strong>Conclusion. </strong>A high level of stress was associated with older age, female gender, as well as with a high degree of emotional exhaustion and a lack of personal accomplishment. Preventive measures are warranted.</p>

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